Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonosis results from eating raw or semi-cooked meat of infected animals. Medicinal plants have been used lately as alternatives and/or combined therapies to resolve some drawbacks of the current regimens. This work analyzed the effect of albendazole monotherapy on Trichinella spiralis experimental infection (group A), in comparison to P. granatum and amygdalin extracts +cobalamin (group B), plus its combination with albendazole (group C). The study revealed that the extracts alone or combined with albendazole had an inferior effect to albendazole monotherapy regarding number of adult worms (40.83 ±3.82, 18.67 ±1.86 and 16.83 ±2.32, respectively). However, their effect was more obvious in muscle phase combined with albendazole, achieving the lower number of larvae/mL tissue homogenate (22.33 ±3.27 in comparison to 39.67 ±2.58 achieved by albendazole monotherapy). The extracts exerted a significant immunomodulatory effect by reducing the local CD4+ expression in the intestine as well as in muscle phase (1.15 ±0.25 and 3.80 ±0.65 in comparison to 4.97 ±0.37 and 12.20 ±0.87 with albendazole monotherapy, respectively). So, these extracts improved the therapeutic efficacy of albendazole, specifically in muscle phase and counteracted the inflammatory reaction caused by albendazole monotherapy, thus extensively alleviating the resulting myositis.
Highlights
Trichinellosis or trichinosis is an emerging and reemerging zoonotic disease in many countries
The highest reduction was observed in the albendazole group (A), followed by the combined group (C) and lastly the P. granatum and amygdalin+ cobalamin group (B)
The highest diminution in the count larval stages was detected in the combined group (C), followed by the albendazole group (A), P. granatum and amygdalin+ cobalamin group (B)
Summary
Trichinellosis or trichinosis is an emerging and reemerging zoonotic disease in many countries. Trichinella spiralis, a member of the encapsulated clade, is the most characterized species in the Trichinella genus, being of high prevalence and an important cause of human infections It is readily infective for laboratory animals; providing valuable models to understand various aspects of the infection (Pozio & Zarlenga, 2013; Sofronic-Milosavljevic et al, 2015). T. spiralis infection starts with a brief intestinal phase, where the infective larvae (L1) mature into adult worms which in turn release the migrating newborn larvae (NBL) During this phase a mixed immune response is induced with initial Th1 control followed by a protective Th2 predominance resulting in the expulsion of adult worms (Ilic et al, 2012). The chronic stimulation of the immune system through the parasite excretory-secretory products (ES) is thought to activate regulatory elements; such as regulatory T cells (T-regs) which were observed near the infected cells, TGF-β and IL-10 are documented to promote persistence of infection (Ilic et al, 2012; Sun et al, 2019)
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