Pulmonary embolism after coronary angiography with femoral approach

Abstract

Cardiologia CROATICA Objectives: Pulmonary embolism after elective coronary angiography is a very rare complication. Herein we report on a case of pulmonary embolism after diagnostic coronary angiography with femoral approach, and we also evaluate various pathophysiologic mechanisms possibly contributing to local vascular complications and also consequently safer and more efficient approaches for percutaneous coronary procedures. Case report: A 66 year-old female patient was admitted to our department for diagnostic coronary angiography due to high clinical suspicion for coronary artery disease. Coronary angiography was performed with the right common femoral artery access, and no coronary artery stenosis was verified on the examination. Although all the standard postangiography procedures were applied and hemostasis completed, subsequently an access site hematoma and a pseudoaneurysm developed. The day after the procedure, during verticalization, the patient complained of malaise, nausea and vertigo, and due to a high level of D-dimers, we performed MSCT angiography which confirmed pulmonary embolism (Figure 1). The doppler ultrasound of the lower extremity veins showed no signs of deep venous thrombosis, and we have not discovered any predisposing factors for pulmonary embolism. Discussion: Pulmonary embolism is rarely reported as a consequence of coronary angiography with femoral approach, probably since it is underdiagnosed considering its frequent asymptomatic course. Predisposing factors for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism with the femoral approach for coronary angiography are manual compression of the puncture site with unintentional compression of the femoral vein, compression with the sandbag and a gauze, puncture site hematoma or a femoral artery pseudoaneurysm, along with prolonged immobilization and bed rest. Conclusion: We assume that the cause of pulmonary embolism in our patient was transient deep venous thrombosis due to a combination of puncture area compression, hematoma and a femoral pseudoaneurysm with immobilization and postprocedural bed rest. Optimal placement of the arterial sheath, use of smaller sheaths, careful manual compression with shorter period of immobilization and bed rest, can significantly contribute to reducing the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.