Abstract
The article analyses forms of direct democracy from its historical forms, in Ancient Greece, to the modern ones, in Switzerland and the USA. Pointing towards the modern flaws of representative democracy, which dominates the present world, the author explores the forms of citizen participation - from participation to influence, which assists the overcoming of the democratic deficit in practice. Besides the traditional (classical) ones, the analysis also focuses on the innovative mechanisms, from informal to formal ones, from individual to collective mechanisms. The focus is on the procedures of direct citizen participation such as: elections, referendum (with its modalities, plebiscite and popular veto), citizens' initiatives, the right of legislative initiative, public meetings, as well as seeking new constructive solutions which enable the citizens not only to express their opinions through selecting the option for or against, but to actively participate and express their own opinions, positions, experiences and arguments - to participate in public deliberation. These are: public debate, public hearing, public consultations and public discussions, round tables and public presence in the form of mini-audiences, public opinion polls and participation in surveys, cooperation of state bodies with civil society organisations, public call for submission of proposals, remarks and petitions, public-private dialogue, focus groups, citizen panels, citizen conferences, citizens' advisory committees, town hall meetings, citizens juries, consensus conferences, the world cafe. In particular, the article points out that e-participation is nowadays utilised more often and gains significance, since it enables citizens to submit their proposals and remarks electronically, in the form of discussion and interaction via social networks and on-line dialogue platforms. It points towards the positive effects and advantages of direct involvement of citizens in the process of decision making and policy making, through contributions to correcting, stabilizing and consolidating the modern representative democracy. Considering the forms of direct citizen participation in the Serbian society, the next part of the article focuses on the public debate and analyses its legal framework in Serbia and the region. With an analysis of public hearings, the article confirms the author's initial hypothesis that public hearing is not synonymous to or a form of public debate (as often understood in the Serbian public). The author identified 13 original criteria of delineation by which these two institutes differ. Indicating the possibilities of application of other innovative mechanisms of citizen participation which have been proven in the practice of other countries, the author provides concrete recommendations and three possible legal routes for the improvement of public deliberation and concludes that by the power of an argumentative public deliberation and the participation of a larger number of citizens and all sectors of the society, as well as the involvement of their arguments in final texts of laws and other regulations, the present partocracy could be led to a rule of reason, i.e. that the state of political parties is transformed into a state of reason.
Highlights
Slobodan Vukadinović, Javno razmatranje, javna rasprava i razgraničenje od javnog slušanja advisory committees), skupovi građana pod nazivom „gradski sastanci”, građanske porote[28], konferencije za postizanje konsenzusa[29], svetski kafe[30], a u poslednje vreme se sve više koristi i na značaju dobija elektronska participacija, koja podrazumeva da građani svoje predloge i sugestije dostavljaju elektronskim putem, kao i diskusiju i interakciju na socijalnim mrežama i platformama za diskusiju
Pointing towards the modern flaws of representative democracy, which dominates the present world, the author explores the forms of citizen participation – from participation to influence, which assists the overcoming of the democratic deficit in practice
The focus is on the procedures of direct citizen participation such as: elections, referendum, citizens’ initiatives, the right of legislative initiative, public meetings, as well as seeking new constructive solutions which enable the citizens to express their opinions through selecting the option for or against, but to actively participate and express their own opinions, positions, experiences and arguments – to participate in public deliberation
Summary
P., 2014, Democratic Extremism in Theory and Practice: All Power to the People, New York, Routledge, pp. 48–50; Lovo, F., 1999, Velike savremene demokratije, Novi Sad, Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana Stojanovića, str. 221. Savremenoj predstavničkoj demokratiji (kao još uvek tehnički jedinoj izvodivoj u modernim velikim državama) danas se upućuju brojne zamerke[7], odnosno ukazuje se na njene mane, nedostatke, slabe strane i kontradiktornosti. U tom smislu su poznate zamerke koje potiču od Rusoa – da se volja uopšte ne može predstavljati, potom Kelzena – da je reč o očiglednoj fikciji – koji je ukazivao i na nestvarnu prirodu same demokratije, a demokratsku kritiku predstavničkog sistema je razvio i Kare de Malberg[8]. Godinama se ukazuje na tendenciju smanjivanja broja birača koji izlaze na izbore (pasivnost birača) u većini država, odnosno na apstinenciju prilikom održavanja izbora za predstavnike građana, te manji legitimitet odluka koje takva predstavnička tela donose. Suštinska slabost je u tome da iako je nominalno vladavina većine, uz posebna prava manjinskih grupa i poštovanje manjinskih
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