Abstract
Abstract The primary goals of this chapter are threefold. First, a general overview of psychoneurobiology and the stress response will be given to help the clinician gain a basic understanding of normative and pathological stress responses. This information will not only provide clinicians with a basic understanding but could be useful for psychoeducational purposes in treatment settings. Secondly, reviews of some recent research findings are provided to further facilitate understanding of the implications of co-morbid trauma and addictions. Finally, suggestions for conducting in integrative assessment to facilitate treatment planning will be discussed.
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