Abstract
BackgroundThe Coping Scales of the Stress and Coping Inventory (SCI; Satow in Stress- und Coping-Inventar (SCI): Test- und Skalendokumentation. Stress and coping inventory. http://www.drsatow.de, 2012) are well-established German self-report scales measuring five coping styles: Positive Thinking, Active Coping, Social Support, Support in Faith, and Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption. The purpose of this study was to translate the scales into English and to psychometrically evaluate this English version of the SCI coping scales with a representative sample of the UK population.MethodsThe coping scales of the SCI were forward–backward translated into English and administered to a representative sample according to age, gender, education, and region for the UK (N = 1006). Internal consistencies, factorial validity, and construct validity were assessed for both the original factor structure of the SCI, as well as a newly identified factor structure.ResultsThe results for the original factor structure indicated good internal consistency and construct validity. The adaptive coping styles of this version were positively correlated with resilience and negatively with perceived stress. The maladaptive coping strategy, alcohol and cigarette consumption, showed the opposite correlations. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the English version resulted in a five-factor structure, but some items loaded on different factors than in the German version. These new factors were Religious Coping, Social Support, Various Coping, Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption, and Reflective Coping. The novel factors showed similar correlations to resilience and perceived stress as the original factor structure. Only religious coping did not significantly correlate to perceived stress. Confirmatory factor analysis with the original factor structure of the German SCI coping scales revealed poor model fit for the English SCI coping scales.ConclusionThe English SCI coping scales consistently and accurately measure five different coping styles. Nevertheless, the original factor structure of the SCI coping scales, when applied to an English-speaking sample, did not fit the data well. The new factor structure established by EFA is only preliminary and needs further validation in future large samples using the English version of the SCI coping scales.
Highlights
Coping is characterized as different cognitive and behavioral patterns in dealing with external and internal demands of stressful situations [21]
The items that cluster on the same factor in the English version suggest that factor 1 represents religious coping, factor 2 represents Social Support, and factor 4 represents Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption
There are double and triple loadings for the items loading on these new factors and they load under their initial factors as found in the German version as well
Summary
Coping is characterized as different cognitive and behavioral patterns in dealing with external and internal demands of stressful situations [21]. According to the stress process model [35], coping strategies can modify the stress response following a stressor as well as subsequent health consequences through behavioral and. Based on one of the most established models of coping, the transactional stress model by Lazarus and Folkman [21], coping strategies are commonly classified as either problem-oriented or emotion-oriented. Coping is commonly described to be either adaptive or maladaptive, this classification depends on whether an individual can successfully handle a stressful situation with a particular coping strategy or not, and other factors such as long-term developmental consequences [38]. The purpose of this study was to translate the scales into English and to psychometrically evaluate this English version of the SCI coping scales with a representative sample of the UK population
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