Abstract
Tai Chi is an effective exercise option for individuals with coronary heart disease or its associated risk factors. An accurate and systematic assessment of a Mandarin-speaking adults’ self-efficacy in maintaining Tai Chi exercise is lacking. Mandarin Chinese has the most speakers worldwide. This study aimed to translate the Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy scale and examine its psychometric properties. The 14-item Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy scale was translated from English into Mandarin Chinese using a forward-translation, back-translation, committee approach, and pre-test procedure. Participants with coronary heart disease or risk factors (n = 140) enrolled in a cross-sectional study for scale validation. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit of the two-factor structure (Tai Chi exercise self-efficacy barriers and performance) to this sample. The translated scale demonstrated high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α value of 0.97, and good test-retest reliability, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.86 (p < 0.01). Participants with prior Tai Chi experience reported significantly higher scores than those without (p < 0.001), supporting known-group validity. A significant correlation was observed between the translated scale and total exercise per week (r = 0.37, p < 0.01), providing evidence of concurrent validity. The Mandarin Chinese version of the Tai Chi Exercise Self-Efficacy scale is a valid and reliable scale for Chinese adults with coronary heart disease or risk factors.
Highlights
The results indicated that the Mandarin Chinese version of Tai Chi exercise self-efficacy (TCSE) had acceptable content validity
The results indicate that the internal consistency of the translated Mandarin Chinese version of the TCSE was high for both subscales
The test-retest scores in this study revealed that the translated Mandarin Chinese version of TCSE was stable and produced consistent results
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Coronary heart disease (CHD) persists as the leading cause of mortality and disability globally [1,2]. In China, CHD-related mortality has increased rapidly during the past decade. In 2016, the mortality rates were 113.46 and 118.74 per 100,000 population in urban and rural areas, respectively. These rates were much higher than those in 2002, at 39.56 and 27.57 per 100,000 population, respectively [3]. In China, CHD affected an estimated of 11 million people in 2018, and its prevalence rate continuously increases [3]. Various cardiovascular risk factors have contributed to the increased likelihood of developing
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