Abstract
Regions of temperate oceanic climate have historically represented a challenge for the application of satellite-based multi-temporal SAR interferometry. The landscapes of such regions are commonly characterized by extensive, seasonally-variable vegetation coverage that can cause low temporal coherence and limit the detection capabilities of SAR imagery as acquired, for instance, by previous ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT missions. In this work, we exploited the enhanced resolution in space and time of the recently deployed Sentinel-1A/B SAR satellites to detect and monitor ground motions occurring in two study areas in the Republic of Ireland. The first, is a ~1800 km2 area spanning the upland karst of the Clare Burren and the adjacent mantled lowland karst of east Galway. The second, is an area of 100 km2 in Co. Meath spanning an active mine site. The available datasets, consisting of more than 100 images acquired in both ascending and descending orbits from April 2015 to March 2018, were processed by using the Permanent Scatterer approach. The obtained results highlight the presence of small-scale ground motions in both urban and natural environments with displacement rates along the satellite line of sight up to −17 mm/year. Localized subsidence was detected in recently built areas, along the infrastructure (both roads and railways), and over the mine site, while zones of subsidence, uplift, or both, have been recorded in a number of peatland areas. Furthermore, several measured target points indicate the presence of unstable areas along the coastline. Many of the detected movements were previously unknown. These results demonstrate the feasibility of adopting multi-temporal interferometry based on Sentinel-1 data for the detection and monitoring of mm-scale ground movements even over small areas (<100 m2) in environments influenced by temperate oceanic climate.
Highlights
Recent advances in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques open up the possibility of monitoring ground motions at unprecedented resolution and accuracy, even for terrains that were previously challenging for such techniques
The velocities along the satellite LOS at these points are classified as follows: negative values are the points moving away from the satellite typically indicating ground subsidence; positive values are the points moving towards the satellite typically indicating ground uplift; points considered as stable have velocities in the range of ±1.5 mm/year, which corresponds to the accuracy obtained by past ground validation of C-band satellites such as ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT [58]
As shown here for a case study in Ireland, application of the Permanent Scatterers (PSs)-InSAR technique to Sentinel-1 data is a feasible basis for detecting and monitoring ground motions occurring over small scales in regions of temperate oceanic climate
Summary
Recent advances in interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques open up the possibility of monitoring ground motions at unprecedented resolution and accuracy, even for terrains that were previously challenging for such techniques. Such advances include more frequent satellite revisit times along with increased coverage, higher resolution of imaging, and ever-increasing computational capacity at ever-decreasing cost. Additional advances include new approaches and algorithms for processing SAR imagery, especially for time-series generation (e.g., [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]) and noise corrections (e.g., [11]) using multi-temporal acquisitions. Tehveear,impaosfttihsissusetsudstyeims,mthienrgefforroem, tolotewstrtehseopluotteionntiainl osfpraadcearainndtertifmeroemmeatryybe surbmasoeudnotnabSleenetivneenl-1ousatsteidlleiteosf fuorrbtahne caorseta-se.ffTechtievaeiamndofexthteins ssitvueddyeties,cttihoenreoffogrreo,utondteisntsttahbeilpitoietsenintial of rbaodtharuirnbtaenrfaenrodmruertarlyabreaassedofoInreSlaenndti.nWele-1besagtinellwitieths faonrothveercvoieswt-eofffekcntiovwenantydpeexstoefngsrivouenddetmecottiioonn of groinunIrdeliannsdta, fboillliotiwesedinbbyoatnhiunrtrboadnuactniodnrtuorathleargeeaosloogfyIraenldanladn.dWsceapbeegoifntwwoitshtuadnyoavreearvs iuepwonofwkhnicohwn typoeusr ostfugdryofuoncudsemdo. tWioenthinenIroeulatlninde, tfhoellPoewrmedanbeyntaSncaitntetrroerdsuIcntSiAonR t(oPSt-hIneSgAeRo)lopgroycaesnsdinlgaanpdpsrcoaapceh of tw[o1]stuusdeyd atoregaesnuepraotne IwnShAicRh otiumresstuerdieys foofcugsroeudn. dWme othtieonn oinuttlhinoseethareeaPse.rWmaentehnent Spcraetsteenret rrsesIunlStAs R (PSs-hIonwSAinRg)tphraot ctehsesPinSg-InapSAprRoacphpr[o1a]cuhsemd ptologyendewraithe ISneSnAtinRelt-i1mdeastaereiensabolfesgrtohue nddetmecotitoinonofinmtmho- se aresacsa.leWegrtohuenndprmesoetniotnrsesouclctsursrhinogwionvgetrhastmtahlel PaSr-eIansSA(1R0–a3 ptporo1a0c1hkemm2p) loinyead wcoiuthntSreyntwinitehl-1thdeata enabfoleresmtheentdioenteecdticohnalolefnmgming-sclaimleagtreo-ruenladtemd ochtiaornasctoecricsutircrsi.ng over small areas (10−3 to 101 km2) in a country with the aforementioned challenging climate-related characteristics
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