Proximate composition, physico-chemical properties, techno-functional properties, nutritional quality, and functional activity of Ferula assafoetida oleo-gum-resin

Abstract

Mass and tear assafoetida are mainly composed of carbohydrates (61.14 and 61.50 g/100 g) followed by protein (13.45 and 14.28 g/100 g), fat (11.85 and 11.50 g/100 g), and essential oil (9.25 and 8.40 g/100 g). Also measured were electrical conductivity (1250 and 1237 microsiemens/cm), osmolarity (192 and 198 milliosmol/kg), surface tension (38 and 41 mN/m), zeta potential (–23.7 and –23.5 mV), particle size (265 and 275 nm), particle size distribution (0.73 and 0.93), and viscosity (1.40 and 1.35 mPa.s), along with water content (12.80 and 11.25%), water solubility (65.68 and 72.50%), water swelling (145.8 and 137.0%), hygroscopicity (39.84 and 41.20%), hydrophobicity (7.30 and 6.85 µg/g), emulsification activity (72.66 and 70.0%), emulsification stability (66.97 and 64.0%), foam activity (55.09 and 58.50%), foam stability (48.95 and 52.0%), water-holding capacity (3.86 and4.20 g/g) and oil-holding capacity (3.35 and 3.15 g/g). The major amino acids in assafoetida proteins were isoleucine, methionine, glycine, aspartic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and lysine. The main fatty acids of assafoetida are myristic, palmitic, alpha-linolenic, oleic, linoleic, and lauric acids. The main volatile oil components of assafoetida are 1-propenyl butyl disulfide, α-pinene, bis (1-methyl thio)propyl disulfide, and 1-(propylthio)propyl propyl disulfide. Assafoetida showed good antioxidant capacity, anti-amylase, and anti-glucosidase activity similar to positive controls.