Proximal junctional failure after surgical instrumentation in adult spinal deformity: biomechanical assessment of proximal instrumentation stiffness.

Abstract

Assessment of different proximal instrumentation stiffness features to minimize the mechanical proximal junctional failure-related risks through computer-based biomechanical models. To biomechanically assess variations of proximal instrumentation and loads acting on the spine and construct to minimize proximal junctional failure (PJF) risks. The use of less-stiff fixation such as hooks or tensioned bands, compared to pedicle screws, at the proximal instrumentation level are considered to allow for a gradual transition in stiffness with the adjacent levels, but the impact of such flexible fixation on the loads balance and complications such as PJF remain uncertain. Six patients with adult spine deformity who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation were used to numerically model and simulate the surgical steps, erected posture, and flexion functional loading in patient-specific multibody analyses. Three types of upper-level fixation (pedicle screws (PS), supralaminar hooks (SH), and sublaminar bands (SB) with tensions of 50, 250, and 350N) and rod stiffness (CoCr/6mm, CoCr/5.5mm, Ti/5.5mm) were simulated. The loads acting on the spine and implants of the 90 simulated configurations were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests. Simulated high-tensioned bands decreased the sagittal moment at the adjacent level proximal to the instrumentation (1.3Nm at 250N; 2.5Nm at 350N) compared to screws alone (PS) (15.6Nm). At one level above, the high-tensioned SB increased the sagittal moment (17.7Nm-SB vs. 15.5Nm-PS) and bending moment on the rods (5.4Nm and 5.7Nm vs. 0.6Nm) (p < 0.05). SB with 50N tension yielded smaller changes in load transition compared to higher tension, with moments of 8.1Nm and 16.8Nm one and two levels above the instrumentation. The sagittal moment at the upper implant-vertebra connection decreased with the rod stiffness (1.0Nm for CoCr/6mm vs. 0.7Nm for Ti/5.5mm; p < 0.05). Simulated sublaminar bands with lower tension produced smaller changes in the load transition across proximal junctional levels. Decreasing the rod stiffness further modified these changes, with a decrease in loads associated with bone failure, however, lower stiffness did increase the rod breakage risk. N/A.