Protonemal Morphogenesis of the Moss Tetraphis pellucida Hedw. in Culture and in the Wild

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In axenic culture, the protonemal filaments of Tetraphis pellucida derived from either spores and gemmae, or excised stems and leaves, share a mixture of attributes of chloronemata and caulonemata. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals that the tip cells contain cortical and endoplasmic arrays of microtubules at interphase, and phragmoplasts associated with cell plate formation, but pre-prophase bands are absent. Protonemal plates originate from the same sites as filamentous protonemal side branches or directly from young gemmae or excised stem fragments