Proton reduction reaction catalyzed by homoleptic nickel bis-1,2-dithiolate complexes: Experimental and theoretical mechanistic investigations.

Abstract

A series of homoleptic monoanionic nickel dithiolene complexes [Ni(bdt)2](NBu4), [Ni(tdt)2](NBu4), and [Ni(mnt)2](NBu4) containing the ligands benzene-1,2-dithiolate (bdt2-), toluene-3,4-dithiolate (tdt2-) and maleonitriledithiolate (mnt2-), respectively, have been employed as electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction with trifluoroacetic acid as proton source in acetonitrile. All complexes were active catalysts with TONs reaching 113, 158 and 6 for [Ni(bdt)2](NBu4), [Ni(tdt)2](NBu4), and [Ni(mnt)2](NBu4), respectively. Faradaic yield for hydrogen evolution reaction reaches 88 % for 2- , which also displays the minimal overpotential requirement value (467 mV) within the series. Two pathways for H2 evolution can be hypothesized that differ on on the sequence of protonation and reduction steps. DFT calculations are in agreement with experimental data and indicate that protonation at sulfur follows reduction to the dianion. Hydrogen evolves from the direduced-diprotonated form via a highly distorted nickel hydride intermediate. The effects of acid strength and concentration in the hydrogen-evolving mechanism are also discussed.