Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of Ruthenium(III)−Pterin Complexes: A Mechanistic Insight

Abstract

Ruthenium(II) complexes having pterins of redox-active heteroaromatic coenzymes as ligands were demonstrated to perform multistep proton transfer (PT), electron transfer (ET), and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes. Thermodynamic parameters including pK(a) and bond dissociation energy (BDE) of multistep PCET processes in acetonitrile (MeCN) were determined for ruthenium-pterin complexes, [Ru(II)(Hdmp)(TPA)](ClO(4))(2) (1), [Ru(II)(Hdmdmp)(TPA)](ClO(4))(2) (2), [Ru(II)(dmp(-))(TPA)]ClO(4) (3), and [Ru(II)(dmdmp(-))(TPA)]ClO(4) (4) (Hdmp = 6,7-dimethylpterin, Hdmdmp = N,N-dimethyl-6,7-dimethylpterin, TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), all of which had been isolated and characterized before. The BDE difference between 1 and one-electron oxidized species, [Ru(III)(dmp(-))(TPA)](2+), was determined to be 89 kcal mol(-1), which was large enough to achieve hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from phenol derivatives. In the HAT reactions from phenol derivatives to [Ru(III)(dmp(-))(TPA)](2+), the second-order rate constants (k) were determined to exhibit a linear relationship with BDE values of phenol derivatives with a slope (-0.4), suggesting that this HAT is simultaneous proton and electron transfer. As for HAT reaction from 2,4,6-tri-tert-buthylphenol (TBP; BDE = 79.15 kcal mol(-1)) to [Ru(III)(dmp(-))(TPA)](2+), the activation parameters were determined to be DeltaH(double dagger) = 1.6 +/- 0.2 kcal mol(-1) and DeltaS(double dagger) = -36 +/- 2 cal K(-1) mol(-1). This small activation enthalpy suggests a hydrogen-bonded adduct formation prior to HAT. Actually, in the reaction of 4-nitrophenol with [Ru(III)(dmp(-))(TPA)](2+), the second-order rate constants exhibited saturation behavior at higher concentrations of the substrate, and low-temperature ESI-MS allowed us to detect the hydrogen-bonding adduct. This also lends credence to an associative mechanism of the HAT involving intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the deprotonated dmp ligand and the phenolic O-H to facilitate the reaction. In particular, a two-point hydrogen bonding between the complex and the substrate involving the 2-amino group of the deprotonated pterin ligand effectively facilitates the HAT reaction from the substrate to the Ru(III)-pterin complex.