Abstract
Benzothiazole, a microbial secondary metabolite, has been demonstrated to possess fumigant activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ditylenchus destructor and Bradysia odoriphaga. However, to facilitate the development of novel microbial pesticides, the mode of action of benzothiazole needs to be elucidated. Here, we employed iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis to investigate the effects of benzothiazole on the proteomic expression of B. odoriphaga. In response to benzothiazole, 92 of 863 identified proteins in B. odoriphaga exhibited altered levels of expression, among which 14 proteins were related to the action mechanism of benzothiazole, 11 proteins were involved in stress responses, and 67 proteins were associated with the adaptation of B. odoriphaga to benzothiazole. Further bioinformatics analysis indicated that the reduction in energy metabolism, inhibition of the detoxification process and interference with DNA and RNA synthesis were potentially associated with the mode of action of benzothiazole. The myosin heavy chain, succinyl-CoA synthetase and Ca+-transporting ATPase proteins may be related to the stress response. Increased expression of proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism, energy production and conversion pathways was responsible for the adaptive response of B. odoriphaga. The results of this study provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of benzothiazole at a large-scale translation level and will facilitate the elucidation of the mechanism of action of benzothiazole.
Highlights
Benzothiazole, a microbial secondary metabolite, has been demonstrated to possess fumigant activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ditylenchus destructor and Bradysia odoriphaga
The control efficacy is unsatisfactory because of the dilution effects of soil and water on pesticides and the overlapping generations of B. odoriphaga[6]. This challenge has led to the excessive application of chemical insecticides, which has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance in B. odoriphaga and high residue levels being left on marketed Chinese chives[4]
Among the 14 proteins that exhibited altered expression upon benzothiazole treatment, most were involved in energy production and carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism, including triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI), vacuolar ATP synthase subunit H (V-ATP synthase beta subunit (ATPase)), putative peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK)
Summary
Benzothiazole, a microbial secondary metabolite, has been demonstrated to possess fumigant activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Ditylenchus destructor and Bradysia odoriphaga. The control efficacy is unsatisfactory because of the dilution effects of soil and water on pesticides and the overlapping generations of B. odoriphaga[6] This challenge has led to the excessive application of chemical insecticides, which has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance in B. odoriphaga and high residue levels being left on marketed Chinese chives[4]. Proteomics analysis has emerged as a powerful method for studying changes in protein expression profiles at the cellular level in response to various stresses[15,16,17,18,19] This approach has been widely used to identify the modes of action of some drugs and in target discovery[20,21,22]. The use of proteomics approaches is useful for elucidating the mode of action of novel pesticides
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