Proteomic map of the differentially expressed proteins in the skin of Ctenopharyngodon idella against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Gibelion catla is an economically important fish species in Asian fish industry due to its suitability in polyculture system and high market value. Despite a valued market fish in Pakistan and serious threats of bacterial infections this fish is facing, studies concerning health status and disease resistance of G. catla are rare. Therefore, this study used label‐free quantification liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LFQ—LC‐MS/MS) and identified infection‐biased expression of the protein in the skin mucus of G. catla after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. In total, 1545 proteins in the skin mucus of nontreated fish and 1400 proteins in the treated fish were identified, of which 1335 proteins overlapped between the two groups, 137 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found, where 71 proteins were downregulated and 66 proteins were upregulated. Functionally, the 137 DEPs were immune‐related, bactericidal, and cytoskeleton proteins. The most significant and upregulated protein in the skin mucus of treated fish were ribosomal proteins (40S ribosomal protein S19 (20‐fold change (FC)), 60S ribosomal L7a (20‐FC), 60S ribosomal L12 isoform X1 (21‐FC), and 60S acidic ribosomal P0), beta‐actin (24‐FC), immunoglobulin mu heavy chain (20‐FC), glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78; 20‐FC), epithelial cell adhesion molecule‐like protein (20‐FC), putative complement c 3.3 (20‐FC), 14 kDa apolipo (19‐FC), hemoglobin subunit beta‐like protein (19.3‐FC), annexin A1‐like protein (19‐FC), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (18‐FC), G‐type lysozyme (18‐FC), and keratins such as type I cytoskeletal 47 kDa‐like isoform X1 (23‐FC), and type II cytoskeletal 8 (23‐FC). In short, our study highlighted the proteins in the skin mucus of fish involved against bacterial infection, which could be possible biomarkers for further functional‐based studies. Particularly, the study elaborates the mucosal immune response of G. catla against A. hydrophila infection, which may help in the strategies of prevention and control of bacterial diseases in this fish.

Proteomic profile of epidermal mucus from Labeo rohita reveals differentially abundant proteins after Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Bacterial infection-biased abundance of proteins in the skin mucus of obscure puffer (Takifugu Obscurus)

Antioxidative and immunostimulatory effect of dietary cinnamon nanoparticles on the performance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and its susceptibility to hypoxia stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Effect of dietary koumine on the immune and antioxidant status of carp (Cyprinus carpio) after Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Dietary Withania sominefera root confers protective and immunotherapeutic effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The fast-growing demand for aquatic products has led to the rapid development of aquaculture. However, diseases caused by bacterial pathogens result in severe economic losses all over the world. Although the introduction of antibiotics to aquaculture decreased the mortality of infectious diseases, the emergence of antibiotic resistance caused treatment failure. Therefore, drugs with novel strategies are needed for combatting infections caused by resistant bacterial strains. In the present study, aerolysin was identified as a target for developing drugs from natural compounds against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infections. We found that polydatin without an inhibitory effect against A. hydrophila growth could decrease the hemolysis mediated by aerolysin. In both western blot and qPCR assays, the addition of polydatin decreased the production of aerolysin by downregulating the aerolysin encoding gene. Moreover, cell viability and animal studies found that polydatin could reduce the pathogenesis of A. hydrophila both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these findings provided a novel approach and candidate for treating resistant A. hydrophila infections in aquaculture.

Galectin-9 activates host immune response and improve immunoprotection of Onychostoma macrolepis against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

The intestinal histopathology, innate immune response and antioxidant capacity of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) in response to Aeromonas hydrophila

HSP60 and HSP90β from blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala: Molecular cloning, characterization, and comparative response to intermittent thermal stress and Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Proteomic analysis of liver tissue reveals Aeromonas hydrophila infection mediated modulation of host metabolic pathways in Labeo rohita

Aeromonas hydrophila infection is one of the major diseases that cause inflammation and immunodepression in aquatic animals. Likewise, waterborne toxins are known for their negative impact on the immunity and antioxidant responses of aquatic organisms. In this study, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP20) was incorporated in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, diets (50 mg/kg) to investigate its role in the antioxidant capacity, immunity, and anti-inflammation induced by deltamethrin (DLM) toxicity (96-h LC50 was 14.9 μg/L) and A. hydrophila (LD50, 2 × 108 CFU/ml). One hundred and twenty healthy fish with an initial weight of 28.21 ± 1.34 g were allotted in 12 glass aquaria (60 L) and divided randomly into four groups (triplicates, 10 fish per aquarium). The control fish neither received LP20 nor were exposed to DLM. The second group of fish was fed the control diet and subjected to DLM (DLM group). The third group of fish was provided with LP20 without DLM toxicity (LP20 group), and the fourth group of fish was fed LP20 and subjected to DLM (DLM + LP20 group). After 30 days, fish were intraperitoneally injected with A. hydrophila. Ten days post infection, the survival rate was lower in fish exposed to DLM than those exposed to LP20. Further, fish fed on LP20 had elevated serum total protein (sTP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), phagocytic index (PI), phagocytic (PA), and lysozyme activities (LZM), but they had lower urea, uric acid bilirubin, creatinine, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities after 24 h, 48 h, and 1 week post A. hydrophila challenge. However, fish exposed to DLM had lower sTP, ALB, GLB and higher urea, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinine, glucose, ALT, AST, and ALP after 24 h, 48 h, and 1 week post A. hydrophila challenge. Markedly, after the A. hydrophila challenge, fish exposed to DLM + LP20 displayed upregulated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) genes. The transcription of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was upregulated in DLM and DLM + LP20 groups. Fish exposed to DLM downregulated interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene expression after A. hydrophila challenge. Further, fish displayed upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression after DLM toxicity. Besides, fish exposed to DLM toxicity and A. hydrophila infection had severe inflammatory features in the liver, spleen, gills, and intestine, while dietary LP20 relieved the inflammatory features. In summary, dietary LP20 relieves Nile tilapia from oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and inflammation induced by DLM and A. hydrophila infection.

Identification of proteins that mediate the role of androgens in antler regeneration using label free proteomics in sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Recombinant goose-type lysozyme in channel catfish: Lysozyme activity and efficacy as plasmid DNA immunostimulant against Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Role of mannose-binding lectin in regulating monocytes/macrophages functions during Aeromonas hydrophila infection in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella