Abstract
Jellyfish venom is well known for its local skin toxicities and various lethal accidents. The main symptoms of local jellyfish envenomation include skin lesions, burning, prickling, stinging pain, red, brown, or purplish tracks on the skin, itching, and swelling, leading to dermonecrosis and scar formation. However, the molecular mechanism behind the action of jellyfish venom on human skin cells is rarely understood. In the present study, we have treated the human HaCaT keratinocyte with Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom (NnV) to study detailed mechanisms of actions behind the skin symptoms after jellyfish envenomation. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), cellular changes at proteome level were examined. The treatment of NnV resulted in the decrease of HaCaT cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Using NnV (at IC50), the proteome level alterations were determined at 12 h and 24 h after the venom treatment. Briefly, 70 protein spots with significant quantitative changes were picked from the gels for MALDI-TOF/MS. In total, 44 differentially abundant proteins were successfully identified, among which 19 proteins were increased, whereas 25 proteins were decreased in the abundance levels comparing with their respective control spots. DAPs involved in cell survival and development (e.g., Plasminogen, Vinculin, EMILIN-1, Basonuclin2, Focal adhesion kinase 1, FAM83B, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1-alpha) decreased their expression, whereas stress or immune response-related proteins (e.g., Toll-like receptor 4, Aminopeptidase N, MKL/Myocardin-like protein 1, hypoxia up-regulated protein 1, Heat shock protein 105 kDa, Ephrin type-A receptor 1, with some protease (or peptidase) enzymes) were up-regulated. In conclusion, the present findings may exhibit some possible key players during skin damage and suggest therapeutic strategies for preventing jellyfish envenomation.
Highlights
The jellyfish number has expeditiously proliferated in current years; jellyfish envenomation cases shoot up
Our results showed that EMILIN-1 level was decreased after Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom (NnV) treatment and hinted toward the severe damage caused by NnV to HaCaT cells
NnV consists of various ingredients, which are ample in toxin proteins and peptides, cause local and systematic inflammatory responses after accidental stinging
Summary
The jellyfish number has expeditiously proliferated in current years; jellyfish envenomation cases shoot up. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 150 million people were accidentally injured by jellyfish every year. Weight, is one of the giant jellyfish in the world [1]. It has special stinging cells (nematocysts) attached to several thread-like tentacles. NnV is the fusion of complex components abundant in peptides and proteins, many bioactive proteins having a cytotoxic, hemolytic, hepatotoxic, cardiotoxic activity, or neurotoxic components reside inside hollow tubules in the nematocysts [2,3,4,5]. A significant difference in jellyfish venom compositions between different species was noticed based on their geographical locations, as well as seasonal variations [4]
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