Abstract
Lung cancer is often asymptomatic or causes only nonspecific symptoms in its early stages. Early detection represents one of the most promising approaches to reduce the growing lung cancer burden. Human saliva is an attractive diagnostic fluid because its collection is less invasive than that of tissue or blood. Profiling of proteins in saliva over the course of disease progression could reveal potential biomarkers indicative of oral or systematic diseases, which may be used extensively in future medical diagnostics. There were 72 subjects enrolled in this study for saliva sample collection according to the approved protocol. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis combined with MS was the platform for salivary proteome separation, quantification, and identification from two pooled samples. Candidate proteomic biomarkers were verified and prevalidated by using immunoassay methods. There were 16 candidate protein biomarkers discovered by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and MS. Three proteins were further verified in the discovery sample set, prevalidation sample set, and lung cancer cell lines. The discriminatory power of these candidate biomarkers in lung cancer patients and healthy control subjects can reach 88.5% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity with AUC = 0.90. This preliminary data report demonstrates that proteomic biomarkers are present in human saliva when people develop lung cancer. The discriminatory power of these candidate biomarkers indicate that a simple saliva test might be established for lung cancer clinical screening and detection.
Highlights
Lung cancer has long been a significant worldwide public health issue
The 36 lung cancer saliva samples were collected from patients who have been diagnosed as lung cancer by using biopsy at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and will proceed to surgery; most of them are non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Table I)
We have demonstrated that discriminatory proteomic biomarkers are present in human saliva when lung cancer developed
Summary
Lung cancer has long been a significant worldwide public health issue. In the United States, lung cancer is the most. Quantitative proteomic technologies, like iTRAQ [22, 23, 24] and twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) [5, 25] have been extensively used for proteome analysis in different types of lung cancer samples. Proteomic Analysis of Lung Cancer Saliva large array of proteins, many of which have been shown to be informative for the detection of oral [29, 30] and systemic diseases [31, 32, 33]. Like lung cancer, may affect salivary glands directly or indirectly, and may influence the quantity of saliva that is produced, as well as the composition [26, 27, 34]. A recent study has shown that salivary biomarkers are significantly and consistently altered in a mouse lung cancer model, which suggests that the salivary glands may be regulated by mediators released from remote tumors [35]
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