Abstract
Nowadays, proliferation of jellyfish has become a severe matter in many coastal areas around the world. Jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai is one of the most perilous organisms and leads to significant deleterious outcomes such as harm to the fishery, damage the coastal equipment, and moreover, its envenomation can be hazardous to the victims. Till now, the components of Nemopilema nomurai venom (NnV) are unknown owing to scant transcriptomics and genomic data. In the current research, we have explored a proteomic approach to identify NnV components and their interrelation with pathological effects caused by the jellyfish sting. Altogether, 150 proteins were identified, comprising toxins and other distinct proteins that are substantial in nematocyst genesis and nematocyte growth by employing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF/MS). The identified toxins are phospholipase A2, phospholipase D Li Sic Tox beta IDI, a serine protease, putative Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, disintegrin and metalloproteinase, hemolysin, leukotoxin, three finger toxin MALT0044C, allergens, venom prothrombin activator trocarin D, tripeptide Gsp 9.1, and along with other toxin proteins. These toxins are relatively well characterized in the venoms of other poisonous species to induce pathogenesis, hemolysis, inflammation, proteolysis, blood coagulation, cytolysis, hemorrhagic activity, and type 1 hypersensitivity, suggesting that these toxins in NnV can also cause similar deleterious consequences. Our proteomic works indicate that NnV protein profile represents valuable source which leads to better understanding the clinical features of the jellyfish stings. As one of the largest jellyfish in the world, Nemopilema nomurai sting is considered to be harmful to humans due to its potent toxicity. The identification and functional characterization of its venom components have been poorly described and are beyond our knowledge. Here is the first report demonstrating the methodical overview of NnV proteomics research, providing significant information to understand the mechanism of NnV envenomation. Our proteomics findings can provide a platform for novel protein discovery and development of practical ways to deal with jellyfish stings on human beings.
Highlights
Over the recent decades, there is a huge expansion of jellyfish blooms worldwide, which cause severe damage to the fishery and disturb marine ecosystem [1]
We have evaluated the cardiotoxic effect of Nemopilema nomurai venom (NnV) in H9c2 cells using a proteomic strategy [6]
A total of 150 proteins identified from the nematocysts of NnV, including some toxins and another distinct type of proteins which are substantial in nematocyst and nematocyte generation (Table 1, Supplement Table)
Summary
There is a huge expansion of jellyfish blooms worldwide, which cause severe damage to the fishery and disturb marine ecosystem [1]. Since 1983, more than 2000 cases of N. nomurai jellyfish accidents have been reported in the coastal areas of China, Korea, and Japan, and life-threatening cases were observed in humans [2]. Nematocysts explosively discharge various venom constituents into the preys or victims [4]. Many scientists performed toxicological research on NnV, which includes cardiotoxic, hepatotoxic, hemolytic and cytotoxic biological activities [5,6,7,8]. We have evaluated the cardiotoxic effect of NnV in H9c2 cells using a proteomic strategy [6]. Beside the toxicological and pharmacological importance of NnV, till its venom composition has not been well defined. Classification and isolation of toxic proteins is a hard and laborious process
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