Abstract
Jellyfish envenomations result in extensive dermatological symptoms, clinically named as jellyfish dermatitis, which can seriously affect the daily activities and physical health of people. Inflammatory response accompanies the whole process of jellyfish dermatitis and the complexity of jellyfish venom components makes it difficult to treat jellyfish dermatitis symptoms effectively. Moreover, inhibiting inflammation is essential for the treatment of jellyfish stings and exploring the main components of jellyfish venom that cause inflammation is an urgent research area. In this study, the inhibitory effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors for venom-induced inflammation were explored at a cellular level. The expression of the three inflammatory factors, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in two skin cell lines, human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) and human embryonic skin fibroblasts cells (CCC-ESF-1), at the cellular level, after treatment with the inhibitors of jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai (N. nomurai) nematocyst venom (NnNV-I), were determined. The results showed that inhibitors of MMP can significantly reduce the toxic effects of jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai nematocyst venom (NnNV) to skin cells. The expression levels of the three inflammatory factors IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the cells were also significantly decreased, indicating that MMPs in jellyfish venom are probably vital factors leading to jellyfish dermatitis. This study is beneficial in the prevention and treatment of jellyfish stings.
Highlights
Jellyfish populations have sharply increased in recent years, contributing to a rapid soar in jellyfish injuries, which have seriously affected daily activities, such as coastal tourism, water sport activities, fishing, and soldier training, and have even caused death [1,2,3]
As of shown and CCC-ESF-1 cells were treated with Nemopilema nomurai nematocyst venom (NnNV) for 24 h, 2.1
20% with the addition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. These results indicate that the MMP inhibitors significantly results showed that there was no significant difference between the two MMP inhibitors on the reduced the toxicity of NnNV to cells
Summary
Jellyfish populations have sharply increased in recent years, contributing to a rapid soar in jellyfish injuries, which have seriously affected daily activities, such as coastal tourism, water sport activities, fishing, and soldier training, and have even caused death [1,2,3]. 150 million people were stung by jellyfish annually according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) [4]. Korea, and Japan, and it is considered very dangerous to human beings. Once human beings are touched by N. nomurai, the venom in their nematocysts will discharge and inject into the skin, which. Toxins 2019, 11, 156 results in jellyfish stings. Jellyfish stings cause a wide spectrum of symptoms in humans, ranging from mild pain and pruritis to excruciating pain with necrosis and scarring. Dermatitis is the main symptom and most victims show local cutaneous manifestations characterized by acute pain and inflammatory reactions [5]. The severity of a jellyfish stings depends on the dosage of venom penetrated into victims, composition and biological activity of the venom, the area stung, and the baseline health of the victims
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