Abstract
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a common component of many explosives. The overproduction and extensive usage of TNT significantly contaminates the environment. TNT accumulates in soils and aquatic ecosystems and can primarily be destroyed by microorganisms. Current work is devoted to investigation of Yarrowia lipolytica proteins responsible for TNT transformation through the pathway leading to protonated Meisenheimer complexes and nitrite release. Here, we identified a unique set of upregulated membrane and cytosolic proteins of Y. lipolytica, which biosynthesis increased during TNT transformation through TNT-monohydride-Meisenheimer complexes in the first step of TNT degradation, through TNT-dihydride-Meisenheimer complexes in the second step, and the aromatic ring denitration and degradation in the last step. We established that the production of oxidoreductases, namely, NADH flavin oxidoreductases and NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases, as well as transferases was enhanced at all stages of the TNT transformation by Y. lipolytica. The up-regulation of several stress response proteins (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase) was also detected. The involvement of intracellular nitric oxide dioxygenase in NO formation during nitrite oxidation was shown. Our results present at the first time the full proteome analysis of Y. lipolytica yeast, destructor of TNT.
Highlights
Nitroaromatic compounds play an important role in the synthesis of explosives, pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides and herbicides (Boelsterli et al, 2006)
We identified a unique set of upregulated membrane and cytosolic proteins of Y. lipolytica, which biosynthesis increased during TNT transformation through TNT-monohydride-Meisenheimer complexes in the first step of TNT degradation, through TNT-dihydrideMeisenheimer complexes in the second step, and the aromatic ring denitration and degradation in the last step
We established that the production of oxidoreductases, namely, NADH flavin oxidoreductases and NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases, as well as transferases was enhanced at all stages of the TNT transformation by Y. lipolytica
Summary
Nitroaromatic compounds play an important role in the synthesis of explosives, pharmaceutical compounds, pesticides and herbicides (Boelsterli et al, 2006). Explosives are of particular concern to the environment (Symons and Bruce, 2006). 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a common component of many explosives. The overproduction and extensive usage of TNT significantly contaminates the environment. TNT accumulates in soils and aquatic ecosystems and can primarily be destroyed by microorganisms (Mulla et al, 2014). The reactive nitro groups located on an electron-deficient aromatic ring possess electron-attractive potential that can influence the stability of TNT. The TNT transformation mechanism involves a two-electron reduction of nitro groups which leads to the formation of hydroxylamino- (HADNTs) and aminoderivatives (ADNTs) by nitroreductases under aerobic conditions (Caballero et al, 2005).
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