Protein N-Acylation: H2O2-Mediated Covalent Modification of Protein by Lipid Peroxidation-Derived Saturated Aldehydes

Abstract

Various lines of evidence indicate that the oxidative modification of protein and the subsequent accumulation of the degenerated proteins have been found in cells and tissues during aging, oxidative stress, and in a variety of pathological states. The critical agents that give rise to this protein degeneration may be represented by aldehydes. Although the covalent modification of proteins by aldehydes alone has been well-studied, the effect of reactive oxygen species, such as H2O2, upon aldehyde modification of the protein has received little attention. We have now established a unique protein modification in which H2O2 and, to a lesser extent, alkyl hydroperoxides mediate the binding of alkanals to the lysine residues of protein to generate structurally unusual N-acylation products. Upon the reaction of a lysine-containing peptide, N(alpha)-benzoylglycyl-lysine, with hexanal in the presence of H2O2, a product containing one molecule of hexanal per peptide was detected. On the basis of the chemical and spectroscopic evidence, the product was identified to be the acylation product, N(epsilon)-hexanoyllysine. H2O2 mediated the N-acylation of the lysine derivative by the saturated aldehydes of 1-6 carbons in length. The H2O2-mediated acylation of the protein was immunochemically confirmed by reaction of the proteins with hexanal in the presence of H2O2. Furthermore, the enhanced N-acylations (N-acetylation and N-hexanoylation) were also observed in the kidney of rats exposed to ferric nitrilotriacetate, a well-characterized inducer of oxidative stress. Mechanistic studies using a phosphonium lysine derivative suggest a Baeyer-Villiger-like reaction proceeding through peroxide addition to the aldehyde Schiff base. These data suggest that the hydroperoxides, including H2O2, might be involved not only in the oxidative modification of protein but also in the covalent binding of the saturated aldehydes to proteins under oxidative stress.