Abstract
The upstream stimulatory factors (USFs) are regulators of important cellular processes. Both USF1 and USF2 are supposed to have major roles in metabolism, tissue protection and tumor development. However, the knowledge about the mechanisms that control the function of USFs, in particular in tissue protection and cancer, is limited. Phosphorylation is a versatile tool to regulate protein functions. Thereby, phosphorylation can positively or negatively affect different aspects of transcription factor function including protein stability, protein–protein interaction, cellular localization, or DNA binding. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the regulation of USFs by direct phosphorylation and the consequences for USF functions in tissue protection and cancer.
Highlights
All cells of an organism carry the same genetic information in their nucleic DNA
Disturbances within the proper function of transcription factors may be related to tumorigenesis and cancer
Phosphorylation events are fundamental processes achieved through the activity of various protein kinases which allow immediate control of protein activity including transcription factor function
Summary
All cells of an organism carry the same genetic information in their nucleic DNA. But the requirements of distinct cell types are different and they can change upon environmental stimuli. Recent studies indicated that USF2 but not USF1 was required for hypoxiadependent expression of genes regulated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF2α.
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