Abstract
Deltamethrin is a type-II pyrethroid synthetic insecticide that is extensively used for controlling mosquitoes, flies, pests, and insects worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the likelihood protective effects of rutin, a natural antioxidant, against deltamethrin-induced liver and kidney toxicities in rats. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were evaluated after the rats were treated orally with deltamethrin (1.28 mg/kg b.w.) alone or with rutin (25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) for 30 days. Deltamethrin administration caused an increase in lipid peroxidation level and a decrease in activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH levels in the both tissues. Deltamethrin also increased serum ALT, AST, ALP, urea, and creatinine levels, while reduced nephrine levels in rats. In addition, deltamethrin increased the activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways by decreasing Bcl-2 and increasing TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, p38α MAPK, COX-2, iNOS, beclin-1, Bax, and caspase-3 protein levels and/or activities. Furthermore, deltamethrin increased mRNA expression levels of PARP-1, VEGF, and immunohistochemical expressions of c-fos in the tissues. Rutin treatment significantly improved all examined parameters and restored the liver and kidney histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations. These findings demonstrate that rutin could be used to ameliorate hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in deltamethrin-induced rats.
Highlights
Exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides, xenobiotics, heavy metals and radiation has deleterious effects on human health and causes serious pathophysiological disorders
RUT treatment significantly improved all examined parameters and restored the liver and kidney histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations. These findings demonstrate that RUT could be used to ameliorate hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in DLM-induced rats
Oral administration of DLM caused a significant elevation (p < 0.05) of serum ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities compared to the control group
Summary
Exposure to environmental pollutants such as pesticides, xenobiotics, heavy metals and radiation has deleterious effects on human health and causes serious pathophysiological disorders. Humans are potentially exposed to pesticides either directly, as farmers and agricultural workers, or indirectly, through the ingestion of contaminated food (Abdel-Daim &El-Ghoneimy 2015). Deltamethrin (DLM) is a broad-spectrum type II synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, widely used to protect agricultural crops, fruits and vegetables against pests including as beetles, mites, ants and weevils (Abdel-Daim et al 2013, Caglayan et al 2020, Caglayan et al 2019c). Despite its rapid metabolism and low toxicity, recent studies have shown that chronic exposure to DLM can cause adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity (Maalej et al 2017), nephrotoxicity (Abdel-Daim &El-Ghoneimy 2015), neurotoxicity (Khalatbary et al 2015), infertility (Abdallah et al 2010) and metabolic disorders (Rjeibi et al 2016). The accumulation of DLM in liver and kidney tissues increases the generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS). It appears that natural antioxidants that can reduce tissue damage caused by DLM could be used for this purpose
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