Abstract
In the present study, the protective effects of Hizikia fusiforme and Chlorella sp. extracts on lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated. Hepatic damage was induced in rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lead acetate and the protective effects of H. fusiforme (HZK) and Chlorella sp. (CHL) extracts on lead acetate-induced hepatic damage in rat liver were examined. The results revealed significantly increased glutamic oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels in the group treated with lead acetate only (Pb group); oral administration of HZK and CHL extracts tended to decrease the enzyme levels similar to those observed in the control group. Regarding antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase activity was increased in the Pb group and decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the HZK- and CHL-treated groups. Glutathione levels were increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the HZK- and CHL-treated groups. There was no significant difference in catalase activity. Western blot analysis showed inflammation-related protein expression in mitogen-activated protein kinase and Nrf2 pathways was affected in the HZK- and CHL-treated groups. Therefore, HZK and CHL extracts exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity. Development of functional health foods containing HZK and CHL extracts, which have hepatoprotective effects against inhaled lead acetate, should be considered.
Highlights
The development of industrial technology and the increased number of automobiles and factories cause various types of environmental pollution
Glutamic oxaloacetate (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities in serum GOT activity was significantly increased in the Pb group compared with the CON group and decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the HZK 150, HZK 300, Chlorella sp. (CHL) 150, and CHL 300 groups compared with the Pb group
Effect on lipid peroxidation The Pb, HZK 150, HZK 300, CHL 150, and CHL 300 groups had elevated thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels compared with the CON group
Summary
The development of industrial technology and the increased number of automobiles and factories cause various types of environmental pollution. Dust is mainly emitted by automobile exhaust gases and factory chimneys. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and chromium contained in fine dust are Seaweed is consumed as food in large quantities in Korea, Japan, and China. The carbohydrates contained in seaweed are effective in promoting intestinal motility, heavy metal elimination, and improving hyperlipemia (Lee and Kim 2008; Kim et al 2011). Chlorella contains a physiologically active substance, chlorella growth factor, which reportedly (2019) 22:2 possesses anti-cancer effects and is effective in child growth and development as well as immune enhancement (Hidalgo et al 2014)
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