Abstract
Dysfunction of the cholinergic system and increased oxidative stress have a crucial role in cognitive disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we have investigated the protective effects of betanin, a novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death in PC12 cells. The protective effects were assessed by measuring cell viability, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, AChE activity, cell damage, and apoptosis using resazurin, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), Ellman method, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis. H2O2 (150µM) resulted in cell viability reduction and apoptosis induction while, pretreatment with the betanin (10, 20, and 50μM) and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) (2.5 and 5mM) significantly increased the viability (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) and at 5-50μM betanin decreased ROS amount (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001). Whereas, pretreatment with the betanin (10, 20, and 50μM) decreased AChE activity (P < 0.001), also at 20 and 50μM betanin reduced the release of LDH (P < 0.001), and at 10-50μM decreased the percentage of apoptotic cells (P < 0.001). Apoptosis biomarkers such as cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001) and cytochrome c (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) were attenuated after pretreatment of PC12 cells with betanin at 10-20μM and 10-50μM respectively. Indeed, survivin (P < 0.001) increased after pretreatment of cells with betanin at 10-20μM. Overall, betanin may use the potential to delay or prevent cell death caused by AD through decreasing the activity of AChE as well as attenuating the expression of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway.
Published Version
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