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Abstract
This study was designed to observe the possible protective effects of a triple‐fermented barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) extract (FBe) obtained by saccharification and using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Weissella cibaria in alleviating gastric damage induced by a hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ethanol (EtOH) mixture in mice. After oral administration of FBe (300, 200, and 100 mg/kg) followed by 1 hr before and after the single treatment of HCl/EtOH (H/E) mixture, the hemorrhagic lesion scores, histopathology of the stomach, gastric nitrate/nitrite content, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant defense systems including catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were observed. Following a single oral treatment of H/E‐induced gastric damages as measured by hemorrhagic gross lesions and histopathological gastric, ulcerative lesions were significantly and dose‐dependently (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) inhibited in mice, when all three different doses of FBe were administered as compared to those in H/E control mice. In particular, FBe also increased gastric nitrate/nitrite content and strengthened the antioxidant defense, with a decrease in the level of gastric lipid peroxidation, but increased the activities of CAT and SOD. Moreover, the effects of FBe are comparable to that of ranitidine, a reference drug. The obtained results suggest that this fermented barley extract prevented mice from H/E‐induced gastric mucosal damages through the suppression of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress‐responsive free radicals. Thus, FBe can be useful to treat patients suffering from gastric mucosal disorders as a potent food supplement, and thereby, it would increase the necessity of application in the food industry.
Highlights
Gastric ulcers affect a number of people worldwide (Oyagi, Ogawa, Kakino, & Hara, 2010)
Gastric lipid peroxidation induced by the hydrochloric acid (HCl)/EtOH mixture was significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited after a single oral administration of RA 100 mg/kg, similar to that induced by fermented barley extract (FBe) 200 mg/kg (Table 1)
Upon treatment of FBe 200 mg/kg, mice showed similar inhibitory effects on the damage of histopathological gastric mucosa induced by the treatment of HCl/ EtOH mixture, while comparing to those of RA 100 mg/kg-treated groups (Table 2, Figure 4)
Summary
Gastric ulcers affect a number of people worldwide (Oyagi, Ogawa, Kakino, & Hara, 2010). Infectious diarrhea (Neal, Briji, Slack, Hawkey, & Logan, 1994; Ruddell, Axon, Findlay, Bartholomew, & Hill, 1980), developing food allergies (Untersmayr et al, 2005), and thrombocytopenia (Bangia, Kamath, & Mohan, 2011) have been reported as common side effects of histamine H2 receptor antagonists (Yesilada & Gurbuz, 2003). In this experiment, RA 100 mg/kg was selected as a positive reference drug to compare the gastric mucosa protective effects based on the previous report (Grover et al, 2001). There are no systemic assessments for gastroprotective effects of fermented barley extracts, to the best of our knowledge
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