Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effects of a garlic hydroalcoholic extract on the burden of oxidative stress and inflammation occurring on mouse heart specimens exposed to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a well-established inflammatory stimulus. Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS) technique was applied to determine the volatile fraction of the garlic powder, and the HS-SPME conditions were optimized for each of the most representative classes of compounds. CIEL*a*b* colorimetric analyses were performed on the powder sample at the time of delivery, after four and after eight months of storage at room temperature in the dark, to evaluate the color changing. Freshly prepared hydroalcoholic extract was also evaluated in its color character. Furthermore, the hydroalcoholic extract was analyzed through GC–MS. The extract was found to be able to significantly inhibit LPS-induced prostaglandin (PG) E2 and 8-iso-PGF2α levels, as well as mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, interleukin (IL)-6, and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), in heart specimens. Concluding, our findings showed that the garlic hydroalcoholic extract exhibited cardioprotective effects on multiple inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.
Highlights
We showed that garlic hydroalcoholic extract inhibited LPS-induced PGE2 levels in heart specimens (Figure 8), supporting its cardioprotective effects
Our findings showed that the garlic hydroalcoholic extract exhibited cardioprotective effects on multiple inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways
The chemical profile revealed the presence of selected classes of compounds in the hydroalcoholic extract, which can be responsible for such effects
Summary
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a member of the Amaryllidaceae family, which represents one of the most widely produced plants all over the world [1]. A wide body of evidence has suggested the multiple biological properties of garlic, which include antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cardiovascular protective, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, and anti-carcinogenic effects [2,3,4,5,6,7]. An inverse correlation was reported between the consumption of garlic and the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The cardioprotective activities of garlic were hypothesized to be strongly dependent on the method of preparation and the availability of the bioactive components in the blood [10,11]
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