Prospects for management of primate pests

Abstract

Among the variety of commensal relationships between human and nonhuman primates, those of most concern today center around « conflict ». As part of a long-term study of olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Kenya, we had the opportunity to investigate the response of four wild troops to the incursion of agriculture. We also tested a variety of management techniques. The development of crop-raiding was not inevitable. In fact, baboons appeared very reluctant to raid, except for a few who had previously fed on human food. Responses ranged from enlarging home range size, decreasing troop size, shifting home range, to raiding as a secondary strategy and raiding as the main foraging orientation. Crops provided greater digestibility and increased foraging efficiency over natural foods. Eating human food altered activity budgets, increased growth and reproduction, but took its toll in injuries and deaths. Control techniques work through increasing costs and decreasing benefits of raiding. The most promising technique is taste aversion conditioning, although better emetics are needed before this method can be widely used. Shifting cultivars may also be effective, particularly if the new crops are less digestible or less palatable for baboons. The prospects for managing primate pests will vary depending on whether animals have viable alternatives. The future of existing primate commensalism is threatened by increasing human pressure on resources. It is highly unlikely that new commensal relationships will develop given these same constraints. Nevertheless, the framework of primate commensalism may provide insights into the variety of human and nonhuman primate relationships and how these might be manipulated for future primate conservation.