Prospective teachers’ perception of critical and reflective thinking skills on modern physics: Rasch Analysis

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between critical thinking skills and reflective thinking skills of prospective middle school mathematics teachers. In addition, it was aimed to examine critical thinking skills and reflective thinking skills of prospective middle school mathematics teachers with regard to some variables (gender, grade level, academic achievement level). This study adopts one of the general survey models: relational survey model. 201 prospective middle school mathematics teachers studying in Elementary Mathematics Teacher Education Program at a state university participated in this study. Reflective Thinking Scale and Critical Thinking Standards Scale were used. For the data analysis, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and simple linear regression analysis were used. The findings of this study showed that the prospective teachers' critical thinking skill level is high (agree), reflective thinking skill level is at moderate level (neutral). Critical thinking skills of the prospective teachers were significantly different in terms of gender and academic achievement. On the other hand, reflective thinking skills of the prospective teachers were significantly different in terms of grade level. Besides, there was a positive, significant and moderate relationship between critical thinking skills and reflective thinking skills of the prospective teachers. The prospective teachers’ critical thinking skills were the significant predictors of their reflective thinking skills. It was found that critical thinking skills explained 24% of the variance related to reflective thinking skills.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between B. Ed (Hons.) Elementary prospective teachers' critical thinking and reflective thinking skills. In the learning process, developing higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) was imperative. Critical thinking stresses the skills to acquire information, which include comparing and in-depth evaluating and utilizing that information to solve a problem, which are among the most important. On the other hand, reflective thinking is related to the constructivist approach. It enables people (or students) to feel accountable for their learning, select their learning goals, and actively participate in learning processes. This study adopted a quasi-experimental design with an intact group of participants. The researchers developed lesson plans and achievement tests to measure critical thinking skills. The researchers also developed a 5-point observation scale to measure reflective thinking skills. For the data analysis, a correlation was run to evaluate the relationship between the dependent variables: critical thinking and reflective thinking skills. There was a strong positive correlation between critical thinking skills and reflective thinking skills of prospective teachers. The researchers recommended using reflective practices in the classroom to increase future teachers' critical thinking and reflective thinking abilities. This would allow for more excellent performance from the prospective teachers.

This study aims to determine the level of students’ critical and reflective thinking skills on the topic of photoelectric effects. In this study, the cross-sectional survey approach was employed in conjunction with purposive sampling techniques. The data collection instruments are questionnaires for critical thinking and reflective thinking skills, with 20 critical thinking items and 24 reflective thinking items. A total of 35 students, 6 males and 29 females, with an average age of 20 years, agreed to fill out the questionnaire that was distributed. The acquired quantitative data were evaluated using the Rasch model, with critical thinking skills showing that 11% of students were at a very low level, 49% were at a low level, 26% were at a high level, and 14% were at a very high level. Meanwhile, data analysis of reflective thinking skills revealed that 20% of pupils had low levels, 63% had moderate levels, and 17% had high levels. As a result, it is suggested that critical thinking and reflective thinking skills be continuously debriefed.

SPLDV is one of the materials that corresponds to aspects of reflective thinking skills where students are required to be able to solve problems according to the understanding and concept of reflective thinking. So that students' reflective thinking skills become an important thing in solving SPLDV problems. Meanwhile, the ability to think reflectively can be honed by solving PISA-based questions by paying attention to the steps for solving them. This study aims to determine students' reflective thinking skills in solving PISA-based math problems in SPLDV material for students with critical thinking abilities. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects of this research were class VIII A students of SMP Negeri 10 Semarang consisting of 3 students, 1 student with high critical thinking ability, 1 student with moderate critical thinking ability, and 1 student with low critical thinking ability. The selection of subjects was based on the results of critical thinking skills tests on the SPLDV material. Data collection techniques used in this study were tests, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this study is data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Techniques for checking the validity of the data using the triangulation method. The results of this study indicate that students with high critical thinking skills can fulfill 4 indicators of reflective thinking skills. Students with moderate critical thinking skills can fulfill 3 indicators of reflective thinking skills. Meanwhile, students with low critical thinking skills meet 2 indicators of reflective thinking skills.

During this time, reflective thinking and analytical skills have not been one of the objectives of mathematics and learners have not demonstrated reflective activity and analytic learning. The ability of the students ' reflective thinking and analytics is an important aspect to be examined and developed so that the learner's math learning is more optimal. The study aims to describe the ability of the students ' reflective thinking and analytic of junior high school in solving the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) model. This research is a qualitative descriptive study describing the reflective thinking skills and analytical students of junior high school in solving the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) model. The subject in this study is a class IX student consisting of three learners with the details of each of the 1 learners with reflective thinking skills, 1 student with analytic thinking skills and 1 student with reflective and analytical thinking skills. The data collection techniques used are tests of reflective thinking and analytical skills as well as interviews. Test Data and interviews are analyzed based on indicators that meet the ability of reflective thinking and analytical thinking skills. Data analysis techniques refer to the Miles and Hiberman concepts which include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion withdrawal. Data validity techniques use observer persistence, triangulation time and peer checking. The results of the study provide conclusions: 1) Subject 1 meets the indicator of the reflective thinking ability, subject 1 able to the reacting phase, comparing, less in the contemplating phase: 2) Subject 2 meets the analytical thinking ability indicator, subject 2 is capable at would phase, organizing and attributing: 3) Subject 3 meets the indicator of reflective thinking capabilities capable of the reacting, comparing, contemplating and subject 3, organizing and attributing

This study aims to determine the level of critical thinking disposition and reflective thinking skills towards problem-solving of sports science students, to examine the difference between reflective thinking and critical thinking disposition total score averages according to some demographic variables, and to examine critical thinking disposition as a predictor of reflective thinking. Among the scanning models, single and relational scanning were used together. The study was conducted with 259 volunteer students from a sports sciences faculty with 1041 students at a state university in Turkey. A self-report measure with three parts was administered: Demographic Data Form; Reflective Thinking Skill Scale towards Problem Solving, and California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. According to the assumption of normal distribution of the data set, frequency analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used for the analysis. As a result of the analysis, the students studying in the sports management department had the highest mean critical thinking score. While the reflective thinking score of the participants who studied for 4-5 hours is significantly higher, the critical thinking scores of the participants who studied for more than 6 hours were significantly the highest. In addition, the reflective thinking scores of the participants who spent less than 1 hour for the activity were found to be significantly lower. The participants who saw the contribution of the education given at school to reflective thinking as good had the highest reflective thinking score. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was observed that there were statistically significant, low-level, and positive relationships between critical thinking and reflective thinking. There are positive correlations between critical thinking skills and all three sub-dimensions of reflective thinking. There are positive correlations between reflective thinking and four sub-dimensions of critical thinking. Regression analysis has shown that critical thinking predicts reflective thinking. Whether reflective thinking predicts critical thinking or vice versa, it has been concluded that the development of one will also affect the other.

The use of museums as a medium for evaluating history learning plays a strategic role in improving the quality of the learning process while sharpening students' critical thinking skills. This study aims to evaluate history learning at the Learning Museum of Universitas Negeri Malang (UM), focusing on optimizing the museum’s role in supporting students' critical thinking abilities. A qualitative approach with a participatory design was employed, involving museum administrators, lecturers, and history students as key participants. Primary data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews, while secondary data were obtained from literature studies, documentation, and museum archives. Data analysis was conducted thematically through the stages of data reduction, display, and verification to ensure the validity of the findings. The results indicate that the application of a participatory approach in history learning at the museum significantly enhances student engagement, strengthens critical and reflective thinking skills, and fosters a deeper understanding of historical material. Students not only function as recipients of information but also actively engage in discussing historical contexts and reflecting on the relevance of historical values in contemporary life. Furthermore, the museum has proven to be an effective medium for authentic, contextual, and enjoyable learning evaluation, capable of bridging the gap between theory and practice. This study contributes to the literature on museums as a medium for participatory learning and critical thinking in history education. The findings also provide practical recommendations for museum administrators and educators in designing innovative history learning programs. More broadly, this research may serve as a reference for developing museum-based history learning strategies in Indonesia and at the international level.

For prospective elementary education teachers, critical thinking and collaboration skills in project-based science learning can impact environmental awareness. Critical thinking and collaboration skills can affect prospective teachers' environmental awareness differently, especially in science learning with environmental material. This research aims to determine the effect of critical thinking and collaboration skills on environmental awareness. Correlational research was used to determine the relationship between the two variables. Research data was obtained from 114 prospective Elementary Education teachers at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang through project-based learning. Assessment of critical thinking skills was based on reports or essays from projects undertaken. The collaboration instrument was based on rubrics and peer questionnaires. The environmental awareness instrument used a 27-item questionnaire. The questionnaire was measured using a Likert scale of 1 (strongly disagree) – 4 (strongly agree). The data obtained was tested using SEM to determine the effect of critical thinking and collaboration skills on environmental awareness. The research results show that critical thinking and collaboration skills positively affect environmental awareness. This is indicated by a P-value for critical thinking skills is 0.047 0.05 and a P-value for collaboration skills is 0 0.05. Collaboration skills have a stronger effect on environmental awareness than critical thinking skills (path coefficients = 0.766). Indicators of collaboration skills tend to emphasize the aspect of caring more about others and the surrounding environment. The suggestion for further research is needed to see the effects of other variables on environmental awareness in project-based science learning, such as creative thinking and communication skills.

This research is the tendency of students who only received learning material sourced from teachers through lectures, so that students are less active in the learning process more towards teacher centered. Because during the learning process in the classroom only emphasize knowledge of low-level thinking, students should be able to develop the ability of critical thinking and argumentation skills of students during the learning process so that it will get used to argue and higher level thinking. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of PBL models to improve the ability of critical thinking and argumentation skills as well as to determine the relationship between the ability of critical thinking skills and argumentation skills. The method used Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study is the class X.1 and X.2 Senior High School PGRI 1 Majalengka in 2015/2016 school year and totaling 47 students. Sampling was done by using cluster random sampling, were divided into 2 groups: PBL model class with 24 students and other class are not using PBL as many as 23 students. Instruments in this research is the description of critical thinking skills and argumentation skills test, observation sheets and questionnaires for students. Hypothesis test using parametric statistical tests in this case to test the hypothesis of implementation PBL models to enhance the critical thinking skills using Manova test was obtained p <0.05 is 0.01 <0.05, which means there is an increased implementation of the PBL model of critical thinking skills of students and hypothesis test of� implementation PBL model to enhance argumentation skills of was obtained p <0.05 is 0.03 <0.05, which means there is an increased implementation of the PBL model of argumentation skills of the students, as well as the correlation coefficient to determine the relationship of critical thinking skills and the skills of argumentation studied through the PBL model obtained p <0.05 is 0.049, which means there is an interaction between critical thinking skills and argumentation skillsKeywords: PBL Model; Critical Thinking Skills; Argument Skills

This research is motivated by the findings of problems in economics learning including: in economics learning students are passive; lack of critical thinking activity and creativity; teacher-centered learning (teacher centered); The learning model used by teachers tends to be monotonous. This research aims to determine the implementation of the model problem based learning to develop students' critical thinking skills in economics learning. The research method is a case study with a qualitative approach, data is collected through interviews, observation and documentation of the implementation of learning to develop critical thinking skills. The results of the research show that planning economic learning using models problem based learning to develop highly structured and systematic critical thinking skills. Implementation of economic learning with models problem based learning Overall, it has succeeded in creating a learning environment that supports the development of students' critical and analytical thinking skills. Assessment of economic learning with models problem based learning has been designed and implemented well, so that students' critical thinking, problem solving and collaboration skills develop optimally. Supporting factors for learning economics with models problem based learning really supports the development of students' critical thinking skills. Factors inhibiting economic learning with models problem based learning developing critical thinking skills is a very serious challenge. Efforts to overcome barriers to economic learning with models problem based learning can develop students' critical thinking skills effectively.

Critical thinking skills, often referred to as higher-order cognitive skills, are considered important for the Religious Culture and Ethics Course due to gains such as pupils’ taking responsibility of their own learning, actively constructing knowledge, supporting the development of other high-level thinking skills such as reflective and creative thinking. As students’ critical and inquiring thinking skills increase, they can also develop a number of related skills, such as the ability to explain issues in more detail, evaluate learning topics in relation to their own lives, become aware of different perspectives on problem situations, and question the reliability of information resources. One of the effective approaches for pupils to acquire critical thinking, inquiry and questioning skills is the 'Philosophy for Children' approach, which was developed by Matthew Lipman in the early 1970s’ and has been applied in many countries, for different school subjects since then. The main aim of this approach is to develop students' thinking and reasoning skills through philosophical discussions in the classroom. The 'Philosophy for Children' model stands out as an effective approach in religious education by creating dialogic and collaborative teaching-learning environments, encouraging students to inquire and question, and developing critical and reflective thinking skills. In our country, Religious Culture and Ethics Course curriculum, which highly considers inquiry and questioning in learning, aims to ensure that students learn by making sense of the content and using high-level thinking processes. Instead of a traditional, teacher-centred and rote religious education, it is aimed for students to become learner agents who inquire, question, strive to reach the source of knowledge, and actively construct knowledge. Therefore, Religious Culture and Ethics course requires teachers to use strategies, methods and techniques that enable students to develop and use high-level thinking processes. ‘Philosophy for Children’ approach has also been used in religious education in England and in Islamic religious as well as ethic courses in Malaysia. The studies undertaken in these countries have provided important contributions to students' active participation in the lessons, development of critical thinking and reasoning skills, self-confidence, self-esteem and social relations. This study is a literature review examining the theoretical foundations of the 'Philosophy for Children' approach, its application and evaluation processes, as well as its use in religious education by looking into both international and national literature. The aim of the study is to examine the 'Philosophy for Children' approach, which is thought to be useful in developing effective learning skills such as inquiry, questioning, problem solving and critical thinking related to concepts and problems of religion and morality in the primary and secondary Religious Culture and Ethics Course curriculum. Besides recommendations and implications are made for this course.

The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamics of students’ critical and metacognitive thinking skills, and their contribution to achieving the success of high school students’ Indonesian learning. This study uses a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The population of this study were students of class X SMA Negeri in East Java, with cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaire filling techniques and summative score scores, namely the results of students’ final semester exams. The data were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate correlation techniques, which were used to determine the close relationship between the three variables and to determine the direction of the relationship. The results of this study found that there was a dynamic of students’ critical thinking and metacognitive abilities ranging from the lowest score of 65 to the highest score of 92 for critical thinking ability, and the lowest score of 60 to the highest score of 93. The results of the analysis showed that the significance value of 2- tailed critical thinking and metacognitive abilities, critical thinking and metacognitive skills, critical thinking skills and learning outcomes critical thinking skills and learning outcomes, metacognitive abilities and learning outcomes 0.000 < 0.05, and 2-tailed significance value critical thinking skills, metacognitive and outcomes learning is 0.000 < 0.05, so there is a correlation between critical thinking skills, metacognitive and learning outcomes.

This study investigated the impact of using ChatGPT, a state-of-the-art generative AI-based model, on the critical, creative, and reflective thinking skills of university students in Ghana. The study utilized a mixed-methods research approach, incorporating quantitative and qualitative data collection instruments, and an experimental procedure with a pretest-posttest control group. The study ultimately enlisted a sample of 125 students randomly allocated to either the experiment group (60 students) or the control group (65 students). The research was conducted in the context of a Research Methodology course, which had adopted the flipped classroom approach. The students in the experiment group engaged with ChatGPT for in-class tasks, while those in the control group used traditional databases and search engines for similar tasks. Data were collected using the Critical Thinking Scale, Creative Thinking Scale, Reflective Thinking Scale, and a student interview guide (semi-structured). The study's findings illustrated that incorporating ChatGPT influenced the students' critical, reflective, and creative thinking skills and their dimensions discernibly. As a result, the study provides suggestions for academics, instructional designers, and researchers working in educational technology.

Critical and creative thinking skills are the core of 21st century skills that learners must have to face global challenges. The ability to interpret, analyze, evaluate, inference, explanation, self regulation, think fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration can shows the level of their critical and creative thinking ability. The research aims to develop e-portofolio for enchancing the critical and creative thinking ability of 8th level students at Junior High School by soil pollution and waste management education. The research used a one-group pretest-posttest experimental design. The validity of e-portfolios consists of construct and content validity. The practicality of e-portfolios was assessed based on student response questionnaires. The effectiveness of the e-portfolio was assessed through a test designed to measure their critical and creative thinking skills. After the e-portfolio trial, a test was conducted to enable the improvement of critical and creative thinking skills. This study used the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) which is limited to three stages namely analysis, product design and development. The validity assessment used expert judgement. The design of e-portfolio learning media involves elements that are in accordance with the indicators of critical and creative thinking by providing feedback, self-assessment, peer assessment, self-reflection. The data generated in this study is the validity of e-portfolios to measure critical and creative thinking skills. Based on the profile analysis of critical and creative thinking skills of SMP Negeri 8 Purwosari students, it was found that there was an increase in the percentage of critical thinking skills of grade VIII students from 73.08% in the very low category (19 students) to 88.46% in the very high category (21 students). It was also found that the percentage of creative thinking ability of the largest VIII grade students was 69.23% in the very low category (18 students) to 46.15% in the very high category (12 students) after using e-portfolios. This research developed e-portfolios as an innovative instrument that not only measures critical or creative thinking ability separately, but also learns both critical and creative thinking ability . In its implementation, the e-portfolio is designed to integrate various learning components, such as problem-based assignments, case studies, experiments and self-reflection that are relevant to practising critical and creative thinking skills. Keywords: critical thinking ability, creative thinking ability, e-portfolio, pancasila student profile.

Mathematical critical thinking skills are critical thinking skills that involve cognitive processes and encourage students to think reflectively which are developed in mathematics learning. Mathematical critical thinking skill is necessary for students in solving mathematical problems. However, in reality, many students have low critical mathematical thinking skills. Several researchers have studied there is correlation between mathematical critical thinking skill to students habits of mind. Therefore, this research aims to determine the correlation between habits of mind and critical mathematical thinking abilities of class IX students at SMP Negeri 1 Montong Gading. This research is a non-experimental descriptive quantitative research with a correlation method. Sampling method used purposive sampling technique to obtain data from class IX B students of SMPN 1 Montong Gading with a total of 26 students as samples. Data collection techniques include giving habits of mind questionnaires, testing students' critical mathematical thinking skills and interviews. This research uses descriptive techniques and prerequisite tests. The research results show that habits of mind and mathematical critical thinking skills are included in the medium category with percentages of 65% and 62%. The results of the correlation analysis using the pearson product moment formula show that there is a significant relationship between habits of mind and students' mathematical critical thinking abilities with a correlation value of 0.481946, which is categorized as a medium level correlation. Keywords: Habits of mind, mathematical critical thinking