Prospective Neural Network Model for Seismic Precursory Signal Detection in Geomagnetic Field Records

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We designed a convolutional neural network application to detect seismic precursors in geomagnetic field records. Earthquakes are among the most destructive natural hazards on Earth, yet their short-term forecasting has not been achieved. Stress loading in dry rocks can generate electric currents that cause short-term changes to the geomagnetic field, yielding theoretically detectable pre-earthquake electromagnetic emissions. We propose a CNN model that scans windows of geomagnetic data streams and self-updates using nearby earthquakes as labels, under strict detectability criteria. We show how this model can be applied in three key seismotectonic settings, where geomagnetic observatories are optimally located in high-seismicity-rate epicentral areas. CNNs require large datasets to be able to accurately label seismic precursors, so we expect the model to improve as more data become available with time. At present, there is no synthetic data generator for this kind of application, so artificial data augmentation is not yet possible. However, this deep learning model serves to illustrate its potential usage in earthquake forecasting in a systematic and unbiased way. Our method can be prospectively applied to any kind of three-component dataset that may be physically connected to seismogenic processes at a given depth.