Proposal and evaluation of pictorial symbols for reference mapping on mobile devices

Abstract

ABSTRACT Cartographic representations have evolved alongside technological advancements in digital mobility, with the widespread use of mobile devices, prompting a need for improved map usability. This article explores the creation of new symbols for topographic OR reference mapping on mobile devices by developing a three-step methodology for symbol design specifically tailored for Brazilian users. First, a Comprehension Test with 632 individuals assessed their understanding of symbols on mobile devices, considering figure-background distinction suitable for smaller screens. The symbols were adapted using the Semiotics and Gestalt Theory. Next, a Production Test involved nine volunteers creating concept sketches to propose new representations for unvalidated symbols, with components integrated into new designs. Lastly, a Map Reading Task Test with 80 users evaluated the symbols' detection, distinction, and recognition to ensure their suitability for mobile device maps. This user-centric approach reduced noise in the recognition process and accounted for diverse perspectives and cultures. The resulting symbols provided mobile device map usability comparable to desktop computers. The study also found that using a white halo instead of a white square with a black outer line did not negatively impact symbol perception on mobile interfaces. Conducted remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, this approach to user integration in cartographic symbol creation shows promise for other use contexts.