Promising Uses of the iPad Pro Point Clouds: The Case of the Trunk Flare Diameter Estimation in the Urban Forest

Abstract

The rule of thumb “the right tree in the right place” is a common idea in different countries to avoid damages caused by trees on sidewalks. Although many new planting techniques can be used, the estimation of the trunk flare diameter (TFD) could help the planning process to give tree roots more space to grow over the years. As such, we compared the applicability of point clouds based on iPad Pro 2020 image processing and a precise terrestrial laser scanner (TLS FARO) for the modeling of the TFD using different modeling procedures. For both scanning methods, 100 open-grown and mature trees of 10 different species were scanned in an urban park in Cracow, Poland. To generate models, we used the PBH (perimeter at breast height) and TFD variables and simple linear regression procedures. We also tested machine learning algorithms. In general, the TFD value corresponded to two times the size of a given DBH (diameter at breast height) for both methods of point cloud acquisition. Linearized models showed similar statistics to machine learning techniques. The random forest algorithm showed the best fit for the TFD estimation, R2 = 0.8780 (iPad Pro), 0.8961 (TLS FARO), RMSE (m) = 0.0872 (iPad Pro), 0.0702 (TLS FARO). Point clouds generated from iPad Pro imageries (matching approach) promoted similar results as TLS FARO for the TFD estimations.