Prolonged melittin release from polyelectrolyte-based nanocomplexes decreases acute toxicity and improves blood glycemic control in a mouse model of type II diabetes

Abstract

Gating modifier toxins (GMTs) from animal venom have shown great potential in controlling blood glucose levels in type II diabetes (T2D), but their high acute toxicity and quick clearance in the body hamper their potential therapeutic use. Inspired by their highly positive charge, we have developed a nanocomplex system based on polyelectrolytes, in which strong interactions form between positively charged GMTs and negatively charged dextran sulfate (DS). Using melittin as a model GMT and adapting flash nanocomplexation (FNC) technology for complex preparation, uniform nanocomplexes (polydispersity index: ~0.1) with high melittin encapsulation efficiency (~100%), high payload capacity (~30%), and tunable release profiles were formulated. In contrast to the high acute liver toxicity and low survival rate (60% after 8days) observed after a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3mg/kg free melittin, melittin-loaded nanocomplexes displayed improved safety (100% survival after 8days) due to prolonged melittin release. In a mouse model of T2D, a single i.p. injection of nanocomplexes decreased the blood glucose level to 12mmol/L within 12h and maintained it within the therapeutic range (<15mmol/L) for 48h. In addition, body weight decreased following treatment. This GMT/DS binary system shows great promise due to its simple components, facile preparation method, and enhanced potential druggability, including a decreased dosing frequency, decreased acute toxicity, and improved pathological indicators.