Prokaryotic Communities in the Thalassohaline Tuz Lake, Deep Zone, and Kayacik, Kaldirim and Yavsan Salterns (Turkey) Assessed by 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing.

Can Akpolat,Antonio Ventosa,Ana Beatriz Fernández,Baris Calli,Pinar Caglayan,Meral Birbir

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9071525

Can Akpolat, Antonio Ventosa + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071525

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Abstract

Prokaryotic communities and physico-chemical characteristics of 30 brine samples from the thalassohaline Tuz Lake (Salt Lake), Deep Zone, Kayacik, Kaldirim, and Yavsan salterns (Turkey) were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and standard methods, respectively. Archaea (98.41% of reads) was found to dominate in these habitats in contrast to the domain Bacteria (1.38% of reads). Representatives of the phylum Euryarchaeota were detected as the most predominant, while 59.48% and 1.32% of reads, respectively, were assigned to 18 archaeal genera, 19 bacterial genera, 10 archaeal genera, and one bacterial genus that were determined to be present, with more than 1% sequences in the samples. They were the archaeal genera Haloquadratum, Haloarcula, Halorhabdus, Natronomonas, Halosimplex, Halomicrobium, Halorubrum, Halonotius, Halolamina, Halobacterium, and Salinibacter within the domain Bacteria. The genera Haloquadratum and Halorhabdus were found in all sampling sites. While Haloquadratum, Haloarcula, and Halorhabdus were the most abundant genera, two uncultured Tuz Lake Halobacteria (TLHs) 1 and 2 were detected in high abundance, and an additional uncultured haloarchaeal TLH-3 was found as a minor abundant uncultured taxon. Their future isolation in pure culture would permit us to expand our knowledge on hypersaline thalassohaline habitats, as well as their ecological role and biomedical and biotechnological potential applications.

Highlights

Andand the the three salterns located on the shore of the lake, namely Kayacik, Kaldirim, and Yavsan three salterns located on the shore of the lake, namely Kayacik, Kaldirim, and Yavsan salterns in summer season, using 16S rRNA gene based amplicon sequencing on Illusalterns in summer season, using 16S rRNA gene based amplicon sequencing on Illumina mina platform
We describe the first detailed data on the prokaryotic communities of different areas of Tuz Lake, as well as its Deep Zone and the three salterns located on the shores of the largest hypersaline lake in Turkey, by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (Illumina chemistry)
The high salinity (30–38%) and other physico-chemical and environmental characteristics of the sampling sites studied limit the diversity of these hypersaline habitats, with extremely halophilic archaea as the dominant population, and to a lesser extent, a few bacterial representatives, with the extremely halophilic bacterial genus Salinibacter as the main taxon found in all samples analyzed

Summary

Introduction

Hypersaline habitats such as salt lakes, saline soils, solar salterns, hypersaline soda lakes, salt mines, and deep-sea and oil reservoir brines are typical extreme environments in which NaCl, but other environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, nutrients, radiation, pressure or presence of heavy metals and other toxic compounds, limit their microbiota [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].Hypersaline aquatic environments are classified as thalassohaline habitats; those derived from marine origin having relative proportions of salts according to those of seawater, and athalassohaline aquatic systems, with salts proportions very different from seawater, reflecting their non-marine and very different geological origins [1,2,4]. Magadi and the lakes of Wadi Natrun, in Australia or China, especially in Inner Mongolia region, and deep-sea lakes [1,2,8,9,10,11,12,13,14] These environments, which host a wide variety of microorganisms belonging to Archaea and Bacteria, have attracted considerable attention. Deep-sea lakes [1,2,8,9,10,11,12,13,14] These environments, which host a wide in recent years in terms of the microbial diversity and their adaptations to high salt convariety of microorganisms belonging to Archaea and Bacteria, have attracted considerable centrations, as well as on the biotechnological and industrial applications of these exattention in recent years in terms of the microbial diversity and their adaptations to high tremophilic microorganisms [5,15,16,17]. Relatively little is known about the sociated salterns, in Turkey

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