Progressive Formalisation of Household Solid Waste Source-Segregation in Khulna City, Bangladesh

Purpose: Waste generation is associated with and comes with human activities and as such, waste management is an issue which should be shared by every individual, community, organisation or Country worldwide. Depending on climate, life style and behavioural differences, level of industrialisation, available waste management programmers and economic incentives, the problem of waste generation and its management continues to be a major environmental problem in urban centres worldwide. This Paper attempts to assess the Challenges to Solid Waste Management in Urban Local Authorities in Uganda with specific reference to Arua Municipality in North Western Uganda. A Case study design was used. Materials and Methods: A sample of 391 respondents was selected out of a Target population of 7,881 which included; Heads of Households, Business Operators, Elected leaders, Heads of Departments and Solid waste Collectors. The Methods for data collection adopted were Questionnaires, Interviews, Observation and Documentary Review. The Researcher used Regression Technique for data analysis. Findings: The study findings showed that, urban population growth had an inverse relationship with solid waste management while funding had a positive significant effect on solid waste management. The study further found out that, urban population behaviour had a negative relationship with solid waste management. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: From these findings the researcher concluded that lack of waste segregation; inadequate facilities and equipment, lack of legislation and bye-laws, and ineffective enforcement are among the major challenges to solid waste management in Arua Municipality. Based on the above findings, the researcher recommends the following; Solid waste segregation (separation), enforcement, legislations and bye-laws, provision of adequate solid waste management facilities and equipment and training/Capacity building programmes on solid waste management. The study findings will help policy makers in formulating sustainable solid waste management policies and designing appropriate methods of managing solid waste in urban Local Authorities. The study findings will help raise awareness on issues pertaining to solid waste management at community level. This awareness will help build initiatives to reduce the solid waste management problem in Arua Municipality. The study will further contribute to the body of knowledge on the studies already conducted on solid waste management in developing countries.

Nigeria just likes every other country in sub-Sahara Africa is faced with solid waste generation and management. Solid waste is dump indiscriminately and seen in huge heaps on any piece of unused land, around buildings, drainage system, institutions, playing ground, roads side, and in the open market places in major cities and towns. Living with solid wastes littered around seems to be an acceptable way of life among the people in this part of the world. This research work reported intensive review on solid wastes generation and management in this region using Nigeria as a case study. The application of knowledge of solid waste generation and management approach is crucial for inculcating a change of attitude towards improving the management of generated solid waste in this region. From the review, it was observed that biodegradable solid waste that can be managed via the biogas technology and landfill technology have the highest percentage fraction while the remaining fraction that comprised of non-biodegradable and combustible solid waste can be managed via other technology such incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, etc. Besides, the inefficient management of generated solid waste by individuals, households, institution, consumers and waste management companies can be attributed to inadequate information on waste management benefits, insufficient academic research and industry linkages, financial constraint, economic constraint, cultural constraint, lack of planning and projection, social constraint, lack of producers’ involvement in waste management as well as poor implementation of government policies and lack of comprehensive legal framework.Keywords: Solid waste generation, solid waste management, biodegradable solid waste, combustible solid waste

Solid waste management in most MENA countries is characterized by lack of planning, improper disposal, inadequate collection services, inappropriate technologies that suit the local conditions and technical requirements, and insufficient funding. Therefore, waste management is mainly limited to collection, transportation, and disposal. As the circular economy has recently been given high priority on the MENA region’s political agenda, all MENA member states are seeking to move away from old-fashioned waste disposal, “waste management”, towards a more intelligent waste treatment, “resource efficiency”. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of national systems for municipal solid waste (MSW) management, and material and energy recovery as an important aspect thereof, in the context of the circular economy in selected countries in the MENA region. Since policy, regulation, and treatment technologies are traditionally connected to MSW management, the focus of this article is twofold. Firstly, it aims to identify the different practices of solid waste management employed in selected MENA region countries and their approaches to embracing the circular economy and, secondly, it examines the extent to which policies and technologies applied play any role in this context. The study revealed that most waste management issues in the countries analyzed appear to be due to political factors and the decentralized nature of waste management with multi-level management and responsibilities. In fact, material and energy recovery in the context of municipal solid waste management does not differ significantly in the countries in the MENA region considered. In most cases, “waste” is still seen as “trouble” rather than a resource. Therefore, a fresh vision on how the solid waste management system can be transformed into a circular economy is required; there is a need for paradigm shift from a linear economy model to a circular-economy model.

Objective: This article aims to identify the trends of scientific publications on sanitary landfills in the context of the circular economy as an instrument for urban solid waste management. Theoretical framework: The theoretical basis of this research sought to discuss the theme of circular economy and its relationship with solid waste management in different contexts of countries. Method: The methodology of this study was based on the bibliometric search in the Web of Science database from the keywords ("landfill" AND "environmental impact" OR "solid waste" AND "circular economy"), followed by the statistical analysis of the results and generation of graphs and tables in the bibliometrix application, qualitative analysis of the most cited articles and the methods used for 30 selected articles on waste management and circular economy was also carried out. Results and conclusion: The results identified 667 publications between the years 2008 and 2021, presenting a scientific growth and important contribution of the authors to studies on the circular economy applied to solid waste management in world countries. In view of the results, he realized that the circular economy contributes to the management of solid waste by establishing strategies in the countries to minimize the impacts and disposal of waste in landfills and insert the criteria of reuse, recycling and reinsertion of a product in the production chain. Research implications: The bibliometric research allows the creation of a reliable database of scientific publications, whose state-of-the-art on the circular economy applied to solid waste management allows the identification of the main practices applied in different countries worldwide. Originality/value: The study applies different methods to analyze the field of studies of the circular economy applied to landfills, in order to highlight the importance of the theme in the world scenario, as well as the innovations and strategies already executed. This article sought to present scientific trends, from which new research can be developed in different countries that seek to adopt sustainable alternatives for solid waste management.

Solid waste management in Malaysia is under the responsibility of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Corporation or commonly known as SWCorp. It is licensed under the National Solid Waste Management Department, a department directed by the Ministry of Urban Well-being, Housing, and Local Government. SWCorp is responsible for setting up policies on solid waste management under the direct overview of the ministry. Solid waste management in Malaysia has undergone various levels of transformation from managing generated solid waste such as reusing and recycling before 2015 to reducing and segregating solid waste at source since 2015. The management of solid waste at source is emphasized by the enforcement of the 672 Act: Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 in September 2015. Nevertheless, behavioral transformation requires a commitment to social responsibility, namely reducing, reusing, and recycling activities, in all sectors of the community. This chapter discusses and examines Malaysian consumers’ commitment to social responsibility in solid waste management from the perspectives of NGOs and youth. The consumer sector is the most crucial group in the community as it represents the main grassroots. Furthermore, the commitment at grassroots is more sustainable and longstanding compared to top-down enforcement. Additionally, given that NGOs are more sensitive to the transformation of public behavior, and youth are our future decision makers on the fate of the environment, this chapter discusses consumers’ commitment to social responsibility in waste management through the perspectives of NGOs and youth. The analysis regarding the commitment of Malaysian consumers through the perspectives of NGOs and youth indicates that Malaysian consumers are more committed to performing recycling and reusing activities as compared to reducing activities. These findings illustrate Malaysian consumers’ reluctance to embrace the philosophy behind behavioral transformation, that is prevention is better than cure. In this case, they are slow to adapt to the behavioral transformation activities related to reduce, segregate, and compost solid waste at the source.

A renewable and sustainable framework for clean fuel towards circular economy for solid waste generation in leather tanneries

Problem setting. One of the most actual environmental problems in Ukraine is the accumulation and utilization of the solid household waste. Due to the considerable volumes of garbage accumulation, Ukraine is considered to be the one of the most technically inflicted countries in the world. In its experience of solid domestic waste treatment, our state is for a few decades behind the developed countries of Europe. There are tens of thousands of spontaneous dumps in Ukraine and more than 6 500 official landfills.Recent research and publications analysis. The analysis of researches on the assessment of the status of waste disposal sites in Ukraine has shown the lack of scientific works on the integrated assessment and forecast of solid waste landfills’ state and the minimization of their impact on the environment. The imperfection of modern measures to minimize the impact of dumps on the environment and the lack of an effective monitoring system necessitate the development of a set of measures to ensure the ecological safety of landfills.Aim of the article. To study the problem of solid waste accumulation and utilization in Ukraine and to identify ways of public governance’s improvement in the sphere of dealing with them.Main material. Hundreds of thousands of tons of solid household waste are being collected annually in urban landfills. Location, arrangement and operating conditions of most sewage dumps do not meet regulatory requirements, this increases the ecological danger of these objects. There are about 2000 objects in Ukraine, which are organized without projects and engineering and hydrogeological exploration. The consequence of this is the pollution of groundwater by filtrate and the migration of pollutants along with ground and underground flows.Due to widespread problems with solid household waste throughout Ukraine, the entire power vertical faces this question. At the local level, attempts to start a business in the sphere of waste sorting and recycling have taken place for several years. There are a lot of reports on the building of waste sorting and waste recycling enterprises in different regions of Ukraine.The garbage market, where it would be possible to sell secondary raw materials, has not yet been developed in Ukraine. According to experts, for example, waste produced only by the capital itself, can be estimated at 3 billion UAH in a year. Thus, tens of billions of hryvnias can be got for the country’s secondary raw materials. It has been estimated, that 100 waste processing plants are needed in order to clean the country from garbage.Taking into account the general difficult economic situation in the country, experts see the solution of this issue in attraction of foreign investments into the construction of such enterprises. For Ukraine there is a need for a state waste management strategy.Positive trends in the sphere of state regulation of the waste management system can be seen in recent years, but Ukraine has not created the appropriate legal and regulatory framework yet that would gradually reach the requirements of the European legislation. Conclusions of the research. The enshrined regulations of national rules on disposal and solid waste management are currently not implemented fully. This calls for the improvement of enforcement practice on this issue, as well as the introduction of amendments and additions to existing legal acts. It is necessary to develop an effective state program that would include a complex of state measures for the creation of specialized enterprises for sorting and processing of solid waste in Ukraine, to conduct a series of educational actions among citizens. Ukrainian legislation on the effective solution of the problem of solid household waste management should be based on national characteristics and positive experience of relevant European legislation in this sphere. And the attraction of foreign investments in the waste recycling industry will definitely contribute to the improvement of the ecological situation in Ukraine.

1 - A summary of solid waste generation and management strategy

Solid waste management is now acknowledged as one of the major environmental issues of our times. It remains a challenge for developed countries and is an exponentially growing problem for developing countries. The last four decades are marked by several incidents highlighting problems with solid and hazardous waste management across the world. 1. Trans-boundary shipments of hazardous and solid waste have received world-wide attention and media headlines. Infamous examples include Khian Sea which started its journey from Philadelphia in 1986 and Mobro which started its journey from New York in 1987; two US barges or ships with cargoes of municipal solid waste that went from one country to another looking for a port to dump their wastes. The Mobro went all the way to Belize and brought its cargo back to Brooklyn, New York for incineration and landfilling. Many speculate that Khian Sea dumped its cargo somewhere in the Indian Ocean in 1988. 2. Most recently, a fire started on 27 January 2016 in India’s oldest and largest open dumping site, Deonar in Mumbai, and was visible in satellite images (shown in Fig. 1.1). It continued for several days leading to complaints of air pollution and closure of schools for 2 days. The massive fire was attributed to the buildup of methane gas in the open dump where the waste had reached heights of more than 30 m. Fires in this dumping site have been recurrent making living conditions in the surrounding areas extremely difficult. 3. Many sources have identified poor solid waste management as one of the major contributing factors to the spread of plague in Surat, India in 1994. Incidents like these led to promulgation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules in India in 2000. 4. Several industrial sites all around the world remain unusable or a toxic nuisance for their neighbours due to improper handling and management of hazardous wastes on-site. One of the earliest and most cited examples in the USA includes Love Canal, Niagara Falls, New York, where toxic waste was dumped through the 1920s and got national attention only in 1976–1978. The Superfund program (under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, RCRA for ensuring proper disposal of solid and hazardous waste) was initiated in 1980 in the USA and was the government’s response for remediating and rehabilitating such contaminated industrial sites.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

Objective: The general objective of this study is to analyze the governance and challenges of the carbon credit market, focusing on the comparison between industrial waste and solid waste in Rio de Janeiro. To achieve this objective, the following specific objectives were established: to examine the history and evolution of the carbon credit market; to analyze the global and Brazilian energy scenario and its impact on the greenhouse effect; to investigate the principles of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and its applications; and to evaluate the management of solid and industrial waste in the context of carbon credit. Theoretical Framework: In the early 1980s, the idea of exchanging the national debt of developing countries as a means of preserving natural resources emerged, establishing a model for carbon credits (Albuquerque et al., 2021). Carbon credits are one of the strategies adopted at national and international level to mitigate the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Method: The methodology adopted for this research involves analyzing the governance and challenges of the carbon credit market, with a focus on comparing the management of industrial waste and solid waste in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Comparative analysis is a central part of the study, which examines the differences and similarities in industrial and solid waste management, with the aim of understanding how these practices impact the carbon credit market. Results and Discussion: The results show that the information presented on urban solid waste management in the state of Rio de Janeiro reveals a challenging scenario that requires coordinated action between the state, municipalities and the various sectors of society. The average generation of solid urban waste per capita is 1 kg per day, totaling approximately 6,596,840.90 tons per year in the state (Inea-RJ, 2023). The inadequate disposal of this waste over the decades has caused environmental, social and economic problems. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of governance in the carbon credit market in the context of solid and industrial waste management in the state of Rio de Janeiro, demonstrates that inadequate waste management has been a challenge, generating environmental impacts and limiting the potential for recovery and reuse of materials. In a scenario where the average generation of urban solid waste per capita is 1 kg per day, totaling approximately 6,596,840.90 tons per year, the implementation of sustainable solutions, such as the creation of a carbon credit market, can offer viable alternatives to mitigate these problems. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature as the governance and challenges of the carbon credit market in the context of waste management in Rio de Janeiro reflect the complexity of the interactions between production, consumption and disposal. The implementation of integrated policies and the promotion of sustainable practices are essential to overcome current challenges and create opportunities for economic and environmental development.

This study has analyzed the generation, characteristics and especially disposal system of solid waste in Khulna city, as urbanization and economic progress increases consumption of resources also tend to increase of waste at the same rate. This leads to immense negative impact on environment in the sense of generation of waste by the urban. Improper management of solid waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution and degradation in many cities. Developing cities like Khulna, the third largest metropolitan city in Bangladesh, have now begun to acknowledge the environmental and public health risks associated with uncontrolled dumping of metropolitan solid waste (MSW). To these attempts, a survey was conducted to observe the present scenario of total MSW management system in Khulna city. Result reveals that near about 9-11% of total generated wastes are collected by door-to-door collection system provided by mainly non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community based organizations (CBOs) using 46 non-motorized rickshaw vans. Moreover, the major portion of collected wastes is disposed to the nearest secondary disposal site (SDS) by these organizations and then transferred to ultimate disposal site (UDS) or to private low-lying lands from there by the city authority. A small portion of organic wastes is going to the composting plants of NGOs. In this survey it is seen that major identified problems of existing management of MSW by NGOs and CBOs are the irregular collection of solid waste, nonpayment of service charges by the beneficiaries, involvement of child labor, reluctance of city dwellers participation etc. Finally the paper suggests that some measures and steps should be taken to keep the city nice and healthy.

In this study, United States, China, India, United Kingdom, Nigeria, Egypt, Brazil, Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Australia, Canada and Mexico were selected to represent the global community. This enabled an overview of solid waste management worldwide and between developed and developing countries. These are countries that feature most in the International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management (ICSW) over the past 20 years. A total of 1452 articles directly on solid waste management and technology were reviewed and credited to their original country of research. Results show significant solid waste research potentials globally, with the United States leading by 373 articles, followed by India with 230 articles. The rest of the countries are ranked in the order of: UK > Taiwan > Brazil > Nigeria > Italy > Japan > China > Canada > Germany >Mexico > Egypt > Australia. Global capacity in solid waste management options is in the order of: Waste characterisation-management > waste biotech/composting > waste to landfill > waste recovery/reduction > waste in construction > waste recycling > waste treatment-reuse-storage > waste to energy > waste dumping > waste education/public participation/policy. It is observed that the solid waste research potential is not a measure of solid waste management capacity. The results show more significant research impacts on solid waste management in developed countries than in developing countries where economy, technology and society factors are not strong. This article is targeted to motivate similar study in each country, using solid waste research articles from other streamed databases to measure research impacts on solid waste management.

The scientific article is devoted to the public administration of solid household waste management as a direction of consumer rights protection. Attention was drawn to the positive aspects of public administration regarding the management of solid household waste as a means of protecting consumer rights (for example, in the Dnipropetrovsk region): the existence of the National Waste Management Strategy in Ukraine until 2030; availability of a regulatory and legislative framework in the field of management and handling of solid household waste; availability of "Methodical recommendations for the development of regional waste management plans”; existence of a solid household waste management program in the Dnipropetrovsk region for 2022-2024; positive experience of the EU and other developed countries in the field of effective management and handling of solid household waste; the presence of a solid household waste collection and disposal system; availability of municipal solid waste landfills; availability of enterprises for processing, processing and disposal of hazardous components of solid household waste; initiation of elements of separate collection of solid household waste; gradual formation of awareness among the population regarding the need to separate resource-valuable components from the general flow of solid household waste. It was concluded that the problematic issues in public administration regarding the handling of solid household waste as a direction of consumer rights protection (for example, in the Dnipropetrovsk region): the tendency to increase the scale of generation and accumulation of solid household waste; lack of a systematic approach to creating effective management and handling of solid household waste; insufficient funding of solid waste management and management; low level of implementation of previous regional solid waste management and handling programs; low level of utilization of resource-valuable components of solid household waste; lack of waste transfer stations and waste processing enterprises, etc.

Solid waste refers to the material that is discarded because of human activity. In developing countries like Ethiopia, rapid urbanization leads to the production of large amounts of solid waste in towns. As a consequence, it causes severe problems to human health, aesthetics, and the environment, particularly in Dangila Town. Therefore, this study aimed to assess household solid waste characteristics, quantity, and management practices. Data was collected for seven days in January 2020 from 73 households, which were divided into three income groups. Observations, interviews, field measurements, sorting, and open-ended questionnaires were used as data collection tools. The research showed that food waste and ash and dust were the most dominant fractions, comprising 41.04% and 26.18%, respectively. It was also revealed that 77.88%, 12.74%, and 9.38% of household solid waste was decomposable, recyclable, and disposable waste, respectively. Furthermore, the waste components showed a significant statistical difference among income groups, except for the metal and miscellaneous groups. The quantification result indicated that the per capita household generation rate was 0.26kg/day. The management practice assessment found that most households did not practice integrated solid waste management options. They disposed of waste indiscriminately, leading to environmental pollution. The results of this study suggest that the municipality needs to create awareness among households regarding proper solid waste management practices. It is crucial to apply appropriate solid waste management mechanisms and establish a well-organized institution that will collect solid waste in the town and achieve a circular economy.