Abstract
Brackish water is a potential fresh water resource with lower salt content than seawater. Desalination of brackish water is an important option to alleviate the prevalent water crisis around the world. As a membrane technology ranging between UF and RO, NF can achieve the partial desalination via size exclusion and charge exclusion. So, it has been widely concerned and applied in treatment of brackish water during the past several decades. Hereon, an overview of the progress in research on and application of NF technology for brackish water treatment is provided. On the basis of expounding the features of brackish water, the factors affecting NF efficiency, including the feed water characteristics, operating conditions and NF membrane properties, are analyzed. For the ubiquitous membrane fouling problem, three preventive fouling control strategies including feed water pretreatment, optimization of operating conditions and selection of anti-fouling membranes are summarized. In addition, membrane cleaning methods for restoring the fouled membrane are discussed. Furthermore, the combined utilization of NF with other membrane technologies is reviewed. Finally, future research prospects are proposed to deal with the current existing problems. Lessons gained from this review are expected to promote the sustainable development of brackish water treatment with NF technology.
Highlights
The shortage of freshwater has turned into one of the most critical concerns for global communities, especially for developing countries with a large population
In ples of practical applications are presented below to illustrate the feasibility of the com fact, NF technology can be combined with other membrane technologies to form bined process for desalination of brackish water
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research progress and applica7
Summary
The shortage of freshwater has turned into one of the most critical concerns for global communities, especially for developing countries with a large population. Recent years, analyzes the factors affecting treatment efficiency, the membrane fouling a review involving the improvements in membrane desalination processes for brackish problems and the corresponding control measures, as well the combined water was published by Honarparvar et al. RO, NF,and, ED and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), were all discussed with other membrane technologies, puts forward some suggestions for future and more attention was given on the separation mechanism. To this end, this paper reviews the relevant practical cases in recent years, analyzes the factors affecting treatment efficiency, the membrane fouling problems and the Hydrogeologycorresponding researchers commonly define brackish water as utilization surface water or membrane control measures, as well as the combined with other groundwater with the total dissolved solids (TDS). TDS of technologies, and, puts forward some suggestions future brackish water is higher than freshwater (TDS < 1 g/L) and lower than seawater
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