Abstract
AbstractCompared to lithium-ion batteries, redox-flow batteries have attracted widespread attention for long-duration, large-scale energy-storage applications. This review focuses on current and future directions to address one of the most significant challenges in energy storage: reducing the cost of redox-flow battery systems. A high priority is developing aqueous systems with low-cost materials and high-solubility redox chemistries. Highly water-soluble inorganic redox couples are important for developing technologies that can provide high energy densities and low-cost storage. There is also great potential to rationally design organic redox molecules and fine-tune their properties for both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. While many new concepts begin to blur the boundary between traditional batteries and redox-flow batteries, breakthroughs in identifying/developing membranes and separators and in controlling side reactions on electrode surfaces also are needed.
Highlights
TO ENERGY STORAGE AND BATTERIESEnergy storage is a key technology that is becoming more and more important in the energy infrastructure
This review focuses on current and future directions to address one of the most significant challenges in energy storage: reducing the cost of redox-flow battery systems
Li-ion and redox-flow batteries (RFBs) are the two main technologies currently competing with lead-acid battery for future applications
Summary
Energy storage is a key technology that is becoming more and more important in the energy infrastructure. Rechargeable secondary batteries are commonly made of solid-state cathode and anode materials. These include lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, lead-acid batteries, sodium-sulfur batteries, nickelcadmium batteries, etc. Li-ion and redox-flow batteries (RFBs) are the two main technologies currently competing with lead-acid battery for future applications. There have been many excellent reviews on RFBs, there are still doubts regarding the future of this technology when compared to Li-ion batteries, and questions remain regarding breakthroughs needed to enable large-scale deployment of RFBs. Batteries can be made with a range of solid and liquid electrode material combinations (Fig. 2). Electrochemical redox reactions occur on the electrode surfaces This unique architecture of RFBs allows independent scaling of the power and/or energy.
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