Abstract
Introduction: Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most prevalent subtype of breast cancer, distinguished by diverse clinical manifestations and molecular heterogeneity. Prognostic outcomes are influenced by multiple factors, including the patient’s age at diagnosis, tumor size, histological grade, disease stage, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and hormone receptor status (ER, PR, HER2). This research has highlighted the potential of emerging molecular biomarkers such as Cyclin D1 and β-Catenin in enhancing prognostic precision. Methodology: This retrospective, cross-sectional study analyzed the medical records of female patients diagnosed with IDC. Tumor size, grade, and stage were examined alongside lymph node involvement to assess the extent of disease dissemination. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to determine the expression of ER, PR, and HER2 receptors. Additionally, emerging biomarkers such as Cyclin D1 and β-Catenin were evaluated to explore their prognostic value. A total of 150 tumor samples were collected from multiple cancer treatment facilities across Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. Findings and Discussion: The mean age at diagnosis was 50.6 years, with the majority of patients (68%) between 36 and 55 years. Tumor analysis revealed that 76.7% of lesions were <30 mm in size, and 46.7% were classified as grade II. LNM was detected in 39.3% of patients, indicating significant metastatic potential. Regarding receptor expression, 45.5% of tumors were ER-positive, 42.9% PR-positive, and 54.8% HER2-positive, aligning with global incidence trends. The investigation of molecular markers showed Cyclin D1 overexpression in 60% of cases, predominantly in ER-positive tumors, suggesting better endocrine therapy responsiveness. β-Catenin was detected in 33.3% of samples and correlated with aggressive tumor phenotypes, emphasizing its potential role in identifying high-risk patients. These molecular markers align with globally research. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the significance of early detection and comprehensive molecular profiling in IDC management. Smaller tumors and receptor-positive cases are generally associated with more favorable outcomes. Additionally, emerging biomarkers such as Cyclin D1 and β-Catenin hold promise for refining prognostic models and optimizing individualized treatment plans. Incorporating these biomarkers into clinical practice can further enhance therapeutic decision-making and patient care.
Published Version
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callMore From: The Azerbaijan Pharmaceutical and Pharmacotherapy Journal
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
