Abstract
Background: Nosocomial bacteria are bacteria that cause diseases acquired from the hospital environments. Aim: This study looked into profile of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections in hospitals within Makurdi metropolis. Result: A total of 71 bacterial pathogens were encountered from 240 samples analysed from three hospitals in Makurdi metropolis. Of the 71 isolates, 46(64.8%) were Gram positive and 25(35.2%) were Gram negative. The Gram positive constituting S. aureus (50.70%) and staphylococcus spp (14.08%) while the Gram negative constituting E. coli (15.50%), klebsiella spp (7.04%) and P. aeruginosa (12.68%). Out of 21(29.58%) isolates cultured from hand swabs, the bacterial pathogens from hand swab at F M C was the highest 12(57.14%) followed by C H M 5(23.81%) while B M M C has the least profile of 4(19.05%). With regards to hospital air, the highest profile of nosocomial bacteria was also from F M C 8(61.54%), followed by B M M C 4(30.77%) while C H M had just only one isolate 1(7.69%). Of 21(29.58%) isolates from B M M C; 10(47.62%) S. aureus, 4(19.05%) Staphylococcus spp, 2(9.52%) P. aeruginosa and 5(23.81%) Escherichia coli were obtained. In C H M, out of 18(25.35%) bacterial pathogens evolved constituting 12(66.67%) S. aureus, 2(11.11%) Staphylococcus spp, 1(5.56%) P. aeruginosa and 3(16.67%) E. coli. Whereas, the profile of 32(45.07) isolates in Federal Medical Centre Makurdi constituting 14(43.75%) S. aureus, 4(12.50%) Staphylococcus spp, 6(18.75%) P. aeruginosa, 3(9.38%) E. coli and 5(15.63%) Klebsiella spp were obtained. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern to Staphylococcus spp reveals that the highest level of sensitivity were demonstrated by Cloxacillin and Ofloxacin with 50%, followed by Augumentin and Cefuroxime with 40%, Gentamicin (30%), Erythromycin (20%) and least sensitivity with Ceftriazone (10%) while Ceftazidime has the highest resistance recorded 0% sensitivity. E. coli has the highest sensitivity on Ceftazidime having 81.8% and Gentamicin 63.6%, Ofloxacin also displayed a high level of sensitivity to isolates tested with 63.6% sensitive, follow by Cefuroxime (45.5%).
 Conclusion: This study showed that nosocomial bacterial pathogens particularly, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp and enteric bacteria, E. coli and Klebsiella spp are the predominant pathogens associated with infections acquired in hospital environment.So, information on resistance patterns of isolates encountered in this study will assist the clinicians in making improvement in management of nosocomial infections.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.368-378
Highlights
The fact that bacteria are ubiquitous in nature is a common knowledge which makes it easier for them to survive in different environments of which the hospital environment is not an exception
They serve as agents of an infection referred to as nosocomial infection1,2,3Nosocomial infection is any infection acquired in hospital environment, it is known as hospital acquired infections (HAI).[4]
The analyses of samples collected are as follows: (a) City Hospital Makurdi: 10 hand swabs, 30 surface swabs, and 10 air samples; so total of 50 samples were collected from the hospital. (b) Bishop Murray Medical Centre: 10 hand swabs, 32 surface swabs, and 15 air samples; so total of 57 samples were collected from the hospital. (c) Federal Medical Centre: 77 hand swabs, 42 surface swabs, and 14 air samples; so total of 133 samples were collected from the hospital
Summary
The fact that bacteria are ubiquitous in nature is a common knowledge which makes it easier for them to survive in different environments of which the hospital environment is not an exception These organisms are found on different surfaces in hospital and as well as hospital air. Two-hundred and forty samples were examined for profile of bacterial pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections in hospitals within Makurdi metropolis; 97(40.4%) were collected from hand palm of nurses and some of the hospital staff, 104(43.3%) were from surfaces in hospital environments and 39(16.3%) of the sample collected were from the air.
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