Abstract
Biofuel is one of alternative energy that is being developed today to solve the problem of limited fossil fuel as an energy source. The goal of this study is to produce biofuel from kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil (KSO) through catalytic hydrocracking process using NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst. NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst was obtained by impregnation of nickel and molybdenum as metallic precursors on HZSM-5 catalyst as support using incipient wetness impregnation method. It was found that the surface area of the catalyst was 222.1350 m2/g, the pore diameter was 3.0148 nm and the pore volume was 0.1674 cm3/g. The diffraction peaks of nickel oxide phase and the metallic phase of nickel were observed at 2θ of 62.5102° and 51.7283°. Molybdenum oxide phases were observed at 2θ of 53.5674° and 60.4682°. The catalytic hydrocracking process was performed using slurry pressure batch reactor at the temperature of 350°C for 2 h. The obtained liquid product was analyzed using GC-MS in order to determine the organic content. It has been found that the highest compounds were the palmitic acid with 23.14 area%. Besides, the hydrocarbon composition consisted of 33.93 area% (i.e. 4.34 area% cycloparaffins, 16.02 area% n-paraffins, 12.26 area% olefins, and 1.30 area% of aromatics) and 58.73 area% of carboxylic acid. Thus, it can be concluded that NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst can convert KSO into biofuel through catalytic hydrocracking process at the temperature of 350°C for 2 h.
Highlights
Biofuel production as renewable energy is promising alternatives to substitute fossil fuel from the depletion of world oil reserve [1]
Approximately 95% of the biofuels produced today are derived from edible vegetable oils
It caused an ongoing debate regarding the use of agricultural lands for fuel purposes. This resulting the exploration of biofuel production from inedible vegetable oil such as kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil (KSO)
Summary
Biofuel production as renewable energy is promising alternatives to substitute fossil fuel from the depletion of world oil reserve [1]. Approximately 95% of the biofuels produced today are derived from edible vegetable oils. It caused an ongoing debate regarding the use of agricultural lands for fuel purposes. This resulting the exploration of biofuel production from inedible vegetable oil such as kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil (KSO). Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) is a tropical tree belongs to Malvales order and Malvaceae family. It was originally coming from Southeast Asia and grown naturally through tropical region [2]. KSO has the capability as a sustainable biodiesel feedstock because of simple cultivation and short harvest time
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