Production Of 5-Hydroxylimethylfurfural From Starch of Durian Seed (Durio zibhetinus) Through Dehydration Reaction Using Solvent-Based Choline Chloride: Glycerol

Abstract

The energy demand is increasing and the production of fossil fuel is decreasing, which is a challenge for humans to produce eco-friendly renewable energy resources. Biomass is the raw materials of renewable energy. One of the plentiful biomass in Indonesia is the durian seed (Duriozibethinus). Durian production in Indonesia in 2014 reached 859.12 tons, where the weight of durian seeds 20-25% of total fruit weight. Durian seeds have a high content of starch which is 50.40%. 5-HMF (Hydroxymethylfurfural) is one of the most representative monomers of material based on biomass. 5-HMF can be synthesized from carbohydrates, in this case, durian seed is going through two stages of chemical reactions, those are hydrolysis and dehydration reaction. DES (Deep Eutectic Solvents) is a sub-class of IL (Ionic Liquids) that can be used as co-solvents in 5-HMF synthetic from durian seeds. This study applies DES-based Choline Chloride: Glycerol. The variables in this study are sulfuric acid concentration used in hydrolysis reactions and glucose mass ratio: DES, reaction time, glucose concentration in dehydration reactions. The reaction conditions with the highest yield were 61.93% with a glucose mass ratio: DES of 1: 5 and a reaction temperature of 80°C.