Abstract
O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os processos de democratização e competição política na África em dois estudos de caso: Moçambique e Zâmbia. O trabalho parte da evidência de que a democracia é um sistema que deve permitir a confrontação das diversas forças políticas e sociais e a sua legitimidade advém do reconhecimento dos atores envolvidos em seus processos políticos e eleitorais como um todo. Metodologicamente, o trabalho foi desenvolvido numa perspectiva comparativa, seguindo a análise de dados secundários existentes sobre os resultados eleitorais na África Austral, auxiliou-se com a discussão teórica sobre história política da África e dos sistemas eleitorais e partidários. Ao mesmo tempo, reinterpretamos os dados eleitorais agregados, demonstrando as variações ao longo da competição política e partidária nos dois casos. Assim, o estudo conclui que há uma relação entre a trajetória histórica e política e os padrões da competição eleitoral nos dois países, e que foram determinantes no processo da transição para a democracia. De forma diferenciada, os dois países tiveram experiências de sistemas de partido único (Moçambique: 1975 a 1994 e Zâmbia 1972 a 1991), contudo o processo de efetivação e abertura política foi diferencial.
Highlights
Zambia differs from many countries of South Africa, since there were two principal liberation movements, the United National Independence Party (UNIP) and the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC), that, in the years near independence, united and organized popular protests against the british domination
We aimed to show that the processes of transition and democratization in Africa present some similarities and singularities
From the point of view of similarities, we point out the historical trajectory of the colonial heritage itself and the social structure of democratization; the singularities were the way that parties went from a one-party non-democratic state to democracies of the end of the 80s
Summary
[...] Democracy and democratization must be taken into their context and in the dynamics of each collectivity. Democratization processes and political competition in 1990’s Africa: the case of Mozambique and Zambia to exercise its constitutional powers without being submitted to a greater power of non elected bodies. We have considered data in a comparative way, realizing a mix with qualitative productivity measures and quantitative measures in order to evaluate the political and electoral processes and the parliamentary fluctuations in both countries. The article is structured like this: on the second section we realize a discussion on the dynamics of the processes of transition and democratization in Africa; on the third section we present the historical trajectory and social structure of democratization; on the fourth section we discuss the political and electoral competition of both countries according to a compared perspective; and, on the last section, we present the final considerations
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