Processing Distracting Non-face Emotional Images: No Evidence of an Age-Related Positivity Effect.

Mark Madill,Janice E Murray

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00591

Abstract

Cognitive aging may be accompanied by increased prioritization of social and emotional goals that enhance positive experiences and emotional states. The socioemotional selectivity theory suggests this may be achieved by giving preference to positive information and avoiding or suppressing negative information. Although there is some evidence of a positivity bias in controlled attention tasks, it remains unclear whether a positivity bias extends to the processing of affective stimuli presented outside focused attention. In two experiments, we investigated age-related differences in the effects of to-be-ignored non-face affective images on target processing. In Experiment 1, 27 older (64–90 years) and 25 young adults (19–29 years) made speeded valence judgments about centrally presented positive or negative target images taken from the International Affective Picture System. To-be-ignored distractor images were presented above and below the target image and were either positive, negative, or neutral in valence. The distractors were considered task relevant because they shared emotional characteristics with the target stimuli. Both older and young adults responded slower to targets when distractor valence was incongruent with target valence relative to when distractors were neutral. Older adults responded faster to positive than to negative targets but did not show increased interference effects from positive distractors. In Experiment 2, affective distractors were task irrelevant as the target was a three-digit array and did not share emotional characteristics with the distractors. Twenty-six older (63–84 years) and 30 young adults (18–30 years) gave speeded responses on a digit disparity task while ignoring the affective distractors positioned in the periphery. Task performance in either age group was not influenced by the task-irrelevant affective images. In keeping with the socioemotional selectivity theory, these findings suggest that older adults preferentially process task-relevant positive non-face images but only when presented within the main focus of attention.

Highlights

A substantial body of empirical research demonstrates that healthy aging is accompanied by declines in cognitive functioning in multiple domains (Gazzaley and D’Esposito, 2007; Gazzaley et al, 2008; Ballesteros et al, 2009)
In using non-face affective stimuli, we provided an important extension to previous work investigating faces, given that emotional information is communicated through facial expressions and through rich and complex scenes encountered in everyday life
Accuracy in experimental trials was calculated for older adult and young adult participants, and data relating to three older and four young participant who failed to meet the 80% accuracy criterion were excluded from further analysis

Summary

Introduction

A substantial body of empirical research demonstrates that healthy aging is accompanied by declines in cognitive functioning in multiple domains (Gazzaley and D’Esposito, 2007; Gazzaley et al, 2008; Ballesteros et al, 2009). Despite the fact that many cognitive functions do decline with age, others remain relatively stable and a few even improve over the individual’s life course (Ballesteros et al, 2009; McAvinue et al, 2012). One theory that has been proposed to account for the apparent increase in positivity of older adults is the socioemotional selectivity theory (Carstensen et al, 1999). This theory suggests that, as we age, we become increasingly aware that our lifespan is finite and this leads to an increasing prioritization of social and emotional goals (Carstensen et al, 1999; Mather and Carstensen, 2005)

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