Abstract
In the interdisciplinary field of electrochemistry and magnetism, operando and in-situ techniques are of particular relevance. A novel pathway in this direction has recently been opened up by developing in-situ electrochemical techniques for SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) magnetometry. This combines the high SQUID sensitivity for measuring magnetic moments with the electrochemical tools for electronic and chemical controlling of surfaces by means of double-layer charging, oxidation and reduction, electrochemical loading and extraction, and thin-film deposition and dissolution. In particular, for the technologically relevant class of battery materials, magnetic operando measurements represent a powerful diagnostic tool since the magnetic susceptibility χ of cathode materials that contain transition metals substantially changes during charging/discharging and, therefore, serves as highly sensitive fingerprint for the charge state. Exemplarily, operando magnetic χ-measurements on LixCoO2 and LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode materials are presented. These measurements enabled a continuous and bulk-sensitive monitoring of the charge compensation process. Further application potentials of in-situ electrochemistry (electrodeposition, surface charging) combined with SQUID magnetometry will be briefly outlined.
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