Abstract
Restoring visual function after damage or complete destruction of the optic nerve in adult patients has many natural barriers to neuroregeneration. Research to restore vision has focused on maintaining retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), stimulating axonal growth toward the brain, and restoring their proper synaptic connections. Unfortunately, mammalian RGC axons under normal conditions do not regenerate after injury and ultimately die. In this review, we summarize the currently known mechanisms of RGC survival and axonal regeneration in mammals, including specific intrinsic signaling pathways, key transcription factors, reprogramming genes, inflammation-related regeneration factors, and stem cell therapy. We also review the current understanding of the phenomena impeding optic nerve regeneration and possible ways to overcome these obstacles. The most important research results obtained in recent decades may be informative for the development of methods for treating the damaged visual system.
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