Abstract
In recent decades, researchers around the world have been studying intensively how micro-organisms that are present inside living organisms could affect the main processes of life, namely health and pathological conditions of mind or body. They discovered a relationship between the whole microbial colonization and the initiation and development of different medical disorders. Besides already known probiotics, novel products such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have been developed in recent years to create new non-viable micro-organisms or bacterial-free extracts, which can provide benefits to the host with additional bioactivity to probiotics, but without the risk of side effects. The best alternatives in the use of probiotics and postbiotics to maintain the health of the intestinal microbiota and to prevent the attachment of pathogens to children and adults are highlighted and discussed as controversies and challenges. Updated knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the balance between microbiota and immune system for the introspection on the gut–lung–brain axis could reveal the latest benefits and perspectives of applied photobiomics for health. Multiple interconditioning between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on the human body, and their implications for the management of viral infectious diseases is essential. Coupled complex PBM and probiotic interventions can control the microbiome, improve the activity of the immune system, and save the lives of people with immune imbalances. There is an urgent need to seek and develop innovative treatments to successfully interact with the microbiota and the human immune system in the coronavirus crisis. In the near future, photobiomics and metabolomics should be applied innovatively in the SARS-CoV-2 crisis (to study and design new therapies for COVID-19 immediately), to discover how bacteria can help us through adequate energy biostimulation to combat this pandemic, so that we can find the key to the hidden code of communication between RNA viruses, bacteria, and our body.
Highlights
Photobiomics and metabolomics should be applied innovatively in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 crisis, to discover how bacteria can help us through adequate energy biostimulation to combat this pandemic, so that we can find the key to the hidden code of communication between RNA viruses, bacteria, and our body
The presence of bacteria that facilitate the extraction of additional energy from dietary fibers, which highlight the importance of plant foods in human evolution, while Bifidobacterium provided protective and immunomodulatory benefits to the archaic mother and infant [28]
The results showed that after 24 h of treatment with LPCE or LPF1 there was a complete reduction of viable C. auris cells compared to fluconazole, significantly reduced biomass (p = 0.0001) and metabolic activity (p = 0.0001) of C. auris biofilm and a total reduction of C. auris cell viability persists after treatment with postbiotic elements (p < 0.0001) [197]
Summary
The human body hosts an exceptionally large number of micro-organisms—trillions—which are part of the daily biological life of each individual and support multiple physiological activities with a role in maintaining the integrity and health of tissues, organs, and the whole body.One of the objectives of this review is to draw attention to the best alternatives in the use of probiotics and postbiotics to maintain the health of the intestinal microbiota and prevent the attachment of pathogens to children and adults.The second purpose of this review is to update the knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the balance between microbiota and immune system, for an introspection in the gut–lung–brain axis, to reveal the latest benefits and perspectives of applied photobiomics for health.The third aim is to reveal and discuss the interconditioning mutual relationships between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on health, and their implications for viral infectious disease management.The last goal of this review is the urgent need to seek the most innovative treatments to be developed to successfully interact with the microbiota and the human immune system in the coronavirus crisis.Each human being harbors between 10 and 100 trillion micro-organisms [1] of which the vast majority are in the digestive tract, predominantly in the colon. The human body hosts an exceptionally large number of micro-organisms—. The third aim is to reveal and discuss the interconditioning mutual relationships between photobiomodulation (PBM), probiotics, and the human microbiota, their effects on health, and their implications for viral infectious disease management. From 1000 different species of microbes [2], approximately 90% are phylotypes from the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes bacteria, which coexist in a symbiotic relationship [1]. These microbes have evolved so that in a healthy specimen they have come to have a mutually beneficial relationship both with each other, and with the host organism. If the organism is in good health, the symbiosis in the microbial community will only bring benefits to both the micro-organisms and the host
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