Proanthocyanidins inhibit osteoclast formation and function by inhibiting the NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways during osteoporosis treatment

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Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone lesion in which the bone mass is reduced per unit volume due to increased bone resorption. Its main characteristics are bone pain and increasing danger of fragility fracture. Excessive osteoclast activation is known to be responsible for extensive bone resorption. Thus, inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption and regulation of the bone microenvironment are vital treatment strategies for osteoporosis. For the first time, we investigated the effect of proanthocyanidins (PACs) extracted from grape seed, which significantly inhibited osteoclast formation and differentiation from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) and the RAW264.7 cell line and efficiently attenuated osteoclastic bone resorption without toxicity. These findings were confirmed by changes in the NF-κB and JNK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which are major and classical signaling pathways involved in RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The PACs inhibited osteoclast formation and differentiation by inhibiting the NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways and might be useful for the treatment of osteoporosis.