Abstract
In this review we present electrochemical biosensor developments, focusing on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and their applications. In particular, we discuss how SPEs enable simple integration, and the portability needed for on-field applications. First, we briefly discuss the general concept of biosensors and quickly move on to electrochemical biosensors. Drawing from research undertaken in this area, we cover the development of electrochemical DNA biosensors in great detail. Through specific examples, we describe the fabrication and surface modification of printed electrodes for sensitive and selective detection of targeted DNA sequences, as well as integration with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For a more rounded approach, we also touch on electrochemical immunosensors and enzyme-based biosensors. Last, we present some electrochemical devices specifically developed for use with SPEs, including USB-powered compact mini potentiostat. The coupling demonstrates the practical use of printable electrode technologies for application at point-of-use. Although tremendous advances have indeed been made in this area, a few challenges remain. One of the main challenges is application of these technologies for on-field analysis, which involves complicated sample matrices.
Highlights
Biosensors were previously defined as devices that respond to chemical species in biological samples or biological components
We narrowly focus on the development of electrochemical biosensors based on nucleic acids and antibodies for geno- and immuno-sensing, respectively
The results showed that specific amplification from influenza A virus was detectable after about results clearly showed that the detection of microfluidic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of influenza A RNA
Summary
Biosensors were previously defined as devices that respond to chemical species in biological samples or biological components. Screen-printing technology is well established, is economic and incorporated in portable devices [18,19] Another attractive feature of SPEs is that they can be surface-modified in the same way as conventional electrodes, enabling increased sensitivity when using superior electro-catalytic properties of nanoparticles. More, they can be used with redox mediators to enhance the catalysis of targets that may otherwise not be analysed due to their poor redox activity [20,21,22,23]. We describe other applications of SPEs that demonstrate the versatility of this technology and their potential to be applied at point-of use
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