Current progress in organic–inorganic hetero-nano-interfaces based electrochemical biosensors for healthcare monitoring

Abstract

Currently, environmental pollution is becoming a major threat to the ecosystem's long-term viability, and so environmental monitoring of these contaminants has become a hot topic around the world. The development of enzymatic, non-enzymatic, antibody, and nucleic acid electrochemical (EC) biosensors based on organic–inorganic hetero-nano-interfaces (containing metallic, bi-metallic, plasmonic, metal oxides, carbonic, and polymeric nanomaterials) platform for the detection of pathogenic diseases has made substantial progress, according to this review. It is current demand to buildup cost-effective, user-friendly, precise, compact, sensitive, and quick EC sensing devices. Long-term thermos-chemical stability, good linearity range, low detection limit, greater biomolecules loading, repeatability, and high sensitivity of the analytes are all aspects of organic–inorganic hetero-nano-interfaces (OIHNIs)-based electrodes/platforms that have made a significant role in the development of EC biosensors. Because of their different properties, OIHNIs are suitable for integrating specific biological events with high-speed electrical signaling pathways and producing a new generation of bioelectronic devices. The present state of OIHNIs-based EC biosensor research is summarized in this study. We investigated how transducers were used to detect a wide range of biological molecules and analytes, and how they helped to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity while keeping detection limits low. This also brings to a close the existing obstacles and prospects of the OIHNIs-based EC biosensors. Many new signal transduction technologies have been introduced into EC biosensors due to application of these OIHNIs.