Preventive Measures of Alkali–Silica Reaction in Concrete Buildings: Use of Hybrid Waste Coal Ash and Steel Wire Cut Fibers

Abstract

The main cause of premature deterioration in concrete buildings is linked with the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) owing to the use of reactive aggregates and severe exposure conditions. This research aimed to explore the mitigation of ASR in concrete buildings using waste coal ash (CA) and steel fibers cut from long wire. CA and SF were acquired from a local market. The studied dosages of CA were 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by cement weight and steel fibers were added at 0.5% and 1% of the total volume of the mixture. Specimens were cast and immersed in a 1N NaOH solution at 80 °C for 90 days as per ASTM C1260 guidelines. The compressive and flexural strengths of the control mixture without CA and the mixture with 10% of CA had a comparable behavior. A decrease in the compressive and flexural strengths was observed for higher dosages of CA (30% and 40%). Specimens incorporating 30% of CA showed a compressive strength of 24 MPa at 56 days compared to that of 33 MPa for the identical control specimen without CA. This strength decrease was due to the porous nature of the used CA and was compensated for by the incorporation of steel fibers. Specimens with 1% of steel fibers exhibited higher strength properties compared to those with 0.5% of steel fibers for all the tested dosages of CA. The control specimens without CA and steel fibers showed expansions higher than 0.10% and 0.20% at 14 and 28 days, respectively, demonstrating their reactive behavior. The hybrid incorporation of CA and steel fibers decreased the ASR expansion. The mortar bar specimen incorporating 10% of CA and 1% of steel fibers showed an expansion of 0.168% at 28 days compared to that of 0.321% for the control specimen without CA and steel fibers. A decrease in the compressive and flexural strengths was observed for the specimen placed in ASR exposure conditions compared to identical specimens placed in normal water. However, specimens incorporating CA and steel fibers showed relatively fewer effects under the ASR exposure conditions. The control specimens without CA and steel fibers also showed micro-cracking due to ASR exposure, as observed through scanning electron microscopy. This study will assist practitioners to construct a sustainable building using locally available waste materials with the additional advantage of mitigating the ASR-related damages.