Abstract
Directed energy deposition (DED), a type of additive manufacturing (AM) is a process that enables high-speed deposition using laser technology. The application of DED extends not only to 3D printing, but also to the 2D surface modification by direct laser-deposition dissimilar materials with a sub-millimeter thickness. One of the reasons why DED has not been widely applied in the industry is the low velocity with a few m/min, but thin-DED has been developed to the extent that it can be over 100 m/min in roller deposition. The remaining task is to improve quality by reducing defects. Thus far, defect studies on AM, including DED, have focused mostly on preventing pores and crack defects that reduce fatigue strength. However, evaporation products, fumes, and spatters, were often neglected despite being one of the main causes of porosity and defects. In high-quality metal deposition, the problems caused by evaporation products are difficult to solve, but they have not yet caught the attention of metallurgists and physicists. This review examines the effect of the laser, material, and process parameters on the evaporation products to help obtain a high-quality metal film layer in thin-DED.
Highlights
Directed energy deposition (DED) is an additive manufacturing technology (AM)used to manufacture 3D structures
DED can achieve high bonding strength similar welding to fix delamination failure, which is persistent in plated and thermal sprayed layers, and has an important industrial significance owing to the high degree of freedom in material selection and deposited thickness
Metallic nanoparticle fumes are generated by various physicochemical methods, such as laser, electron beam, ion beam, plasma ionization, electromagnetic wave, arc discharge, combustion, spray pyrolysis, physical or chemical vapor deposition, but an analysis of the process is not simple
Summary
DED can achieve high bonding strength similar welding to fix delamination failure, which is persistent in plated and thermal sprayed layers, and has an important industrial significance owing to the high degree of freedom in material selection and deposited thickness. In the DED process, a metal powder or wire is supplied while focusing the laser on the base metal surface to form a Metals 2021, 11, 353. 1b is DED, which produces a melt pool with a laser the base metal, followed by the supply of a metal wire or powder to the melt pool with beam on the metal, followed by the of a metal wire or powder to the melt of deposition inbase millimeter units.
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